• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.690-703
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• 1997

The purpose of this study were to analyze work function and labor productivity in school foodservice systems through work sampling methodology. Conventional foodservice were classified into 5 group depending on the number of meals served. Commissary school foodservices were also classified into 5 group by cluster analysis using the number of meals served, the number of satellite schools, and the duration of time for delivery of food. Work measurement through work sampling methodology was conducted in at 5 conventional and 21 commissary food -services during 3 consecutive days from September to October in 1995. Results from work measurement through work sampling methodology were as followed : The most prevalent work functions was cleaning (26.5%) and then processing (25.1%) in conventional while it was processing (30.9%) and then cleaning(25.2%) in commissary school foodservice. Delay was 22.9% and 19.7% respectively. Mean labor minutes per meal of conventional and commissary foodservics were 4.57 and 4.09 minutes, respectively : no significant difference in labor minutes per meal existed between the two systems. but mean labor minutes per meal of commissary foodsevices(1.79min) was significantly lower than that of conventional foodservice(2.33min) during work time before service (p<0.05). Productivity was significantly lower in foodservices which served less than 400 servings ; n significant differences existed among 401-70, 701-1,100 and 1,101-1,500 meals. The highest productivity was in conventional school foodservices which served 1,501-1,900meals. Labor minutes per meal of commissary school foodservice which served less than 400meals per day was significantly lower than those of foodservice which served 401-1,900meals (p<0.05). Labor minutes per meal, preparation and cleaning were positively correlation in two school foodservice systems.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.79-89
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• 1992

Indicies of the labor productivity were assessed from 80 industry foodservice erstablishments in terms of meals served per labor hour, labor minutes per meal served, and labor cost per meal served. The labor productivity indicies were also assessed according to variables related to work such as working hours, paryment for the workers, volume of feeding, utilization of foodservice equipment, use of processed foods, and background of employees. The summary of the results was as follows: 1. Manufacturing sector among surveyed industry foodservice showed the highest labor productivity indicies followed by training institute. 2. 28.8% of surveyed establishments used dishwashing machine, while manual dishwashing was used in 71.3% of subjects, equipped rate point was 9.8 out of 20, and disposable dish was used in 30% of subjects. 3. A significant positive relationship was found between the number of meals and the labor procductivity indicies. As the number of meals increased, more meals were served per worker as per labor hour. 4. A significant negative relationship was found between price of meal and the labor productivity didicies. As the price of meal increased, less meals were served per worker as well as per labor hour.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.206-217
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• 1997

This study was designed to analyze and compare production management practices and labor productivity between conventional and commissary school foodservices and 46 dietitians of commissary school foodservices in Kyunggi-do. The response rates were 89.7% and 91.3$\%$, respectively. The number of meals served was ranged from less than 100 to over 1, 900 in conventional school foodservices and from 200 to 1, 600 in commissary foodservices. Thirty three conventional foodservices(42.3%) produced less than 300 meals per day. Numbers of satellite school per central kitchen were ranged from 1 to 5 schools ; fifty percent of commissary foodservices have contained 3 satellite schools. Meals for satellite schools were transported between 11:00 a.m.and 12:00 a.m ; transportation time was from 10 to 90 minutes. Waiting time before service in satellite schools was between 10 minutes and 80 minutes. Part time employees supported by parents were hired in 37.3$\%$ of conventional and 50$\%$ of commissary school foodservices. Voluntary workers were supplied for 64.9$\%$ of conventional and 52.4$\%$ of commissary school foodservices. Labor productivity was calculated from work schedule. Labor productivity(labor minutes per meal)was lowest in foodservices with 101-4-- meals(8.48 min)was lower than that of foodservices with above 401 meals ; no significant differences were found among 401-700(6.02 min), 701-1, 100(4.01 min), 1, 101-1, 500(3.41 min), and 1, 501-1, 900(3.15 min)meals in conventional foodservices. Labor minutes per meal of foodservices which served less than 400 meals(6.90 min) per day was significantly lower than those of foodservices which served 401-1, 900 meal(3.41-4.92 min) in commissary foodservices(p<0.05)

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.262-277
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• 2009

Fresh-cut foods have been widely used in the school foodservice industry due to their convenience and saving effects of labor and working hours. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using fresh-cut foods in school foodservice with respect to cost efficiency, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and productivity. First, in terms of cost efficiency, the cost of the fresh-cut food per meal price significantly increased by 2.6% via the new production plan. Meanwhile, the costs of labor and food wastes significantly decreased by 3.0% and 0.3%, respectively, after implementing the new plan. Second, customer satisfaction towards foodservice significantly increased, from 2.94 points prior to the new plan to 3.45 points. Third, foodservice productivity such as of the number of meals per full-time equivalent employee increased by 5.7 meals, from 143.0 meals to 148.7 meals after intervention. The productivity index of work hours for producing a meal also increased and was reflected by a work time reduction of 0.77 minutes, specifically from 4.25 minutes to 3.48 minutes. The labor cost per meal also decreased by 29.9 won, from 331.91 won to 301.97 won, but there was no significant difference. Through these results, we identified that using pre-process foods in school foodservice has positive effects on labor saving, customer satisfaction, and employee work satisfaction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.547-559
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• 1991

The purposes of this study were to : a)determine the percentage of labor activities expen-ded in various work functionsof hospital foodservice b)estimate the labor time utilized in each work functions c)investigate the overall work patterns of hospital foodservice and d)provide the basic data for effective labor control This study was conducted in two hospitals with 1300 and 1200 ed capacities and every employees of the dietary department were included in 10days work measurement. Work sampling methodology developed by Donaldson and Ostenso was modified and used for observing overall activities of hospital dietary department. Consistency of data and observa-tion period were verified by 3$\delta$ control chart and control chart. Observed data were satisfied with confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of $\pm$0.05, The results of this study were as follows: 1) The direct work function indirect work function and delay were 74.8%, 9.2%, 16.0% respectively with A hospital and 82.2% 7.2%, 10.6% respectively with B hospital 2) The productivity indices of direct work indirect work and delay were 9.05 min/meal 1.12 min/meal 1.94 min/meal respectively and total 12.11 minutes were utilized per meal served in A hospital and 10.72 min/meal 0.94 min/meal 1.38 min/meal respectively and total 13.04 minutes were utilized per meal served in B hospital 3) Full time equivalent(FTE) utilized in daily work of irect work indirect work and delay were 62.24 men 7.69 men 13.35 men respectively in A hospital and 64.09 men 5.63 men 8.22 men respectively in B hospital. 4) The contents of work activities of each employee group showed that delay time of the service personnel group was more than any other employee groups in both A hospital and B hospital 5) Examination of daily work schedule by time intervals showed that transportation work function was carried out all day so it is necessary to improve this work.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1988

Food procurement practices were assessed in 31 general hospital's dietetics in terms of the level of processing for purchased food. The level of processing before purchase by the institution was noted by a numerical value. a Food Processing Index (FPI). Labor productivity measured in terms of labor minutes per meal served averaged 12.59 minutes. Responsible persons for procurement practices were mostly dietitians, but effective purchasing methods as well as inventory control techniques were not fully systematized. Dietetic directors anticipate the large increase in the use of convenience foods in the future mainly due to the improved labor productivity, and also a highly increasing demand for completely pre-prepared food items (FPI 3). The grand mean of FPI scores for purchased foods in surveyed hospitals was 3.34, which indicates partially pre-prepared to completely pre-prepared food items. Significant negative correlation was found between the grand mean of FPI scores and the number of beds in a hospital.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1992

This study has made use of the work sampling for work analysis and productivity of food service institutions centering on 3 general hospitals of 400∼600 beds and centralized service system in Seoul. The results were as flollows; 1. In the mean work percent of dietitians: The indirect work functions marked the highest, as it was 22.0% for the direct work functions, 57.4% for the indirect work functions and 20.6% for the delays. Among the indirect work functions, the decreasing order was original clerical (38.1%), instruction or teaching (8.5%), conference or interview (8.5%), and appraisal (2.3%). 2. In the mean work percent of clerical personnels: The direct work functions (67.2%) marked the highest. Among those, routine clerical was 64.3%, and receiving was 2.8%. 3. In the mean work percent of workers: The direct work functions (77.4%) marked the highest. Among those, the decreasing order was service (24.7%), cooking (22.5%), cleaning (18.2%), and transportation (10.3%). 4. Work percent per labor hour: Dietitians usually continued to work even during the lunch time. In case of clerical personnel working in turn, work percent was high even during the lunch time, however in the other case, it was very low. It was shown that the workers had lunch and break time after every their service. 5. The number of meals served per labor hour were 6.3 meals, and labor time spent per served meal 9.8 minutes.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권6호통권96호
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• pp.875-881
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• 2006

본 조사는 현행 학교급식시스템 유형에 따른 각 작업시간 차이와 노동생산성을 분석하여 급식조리현장에서의 업무개선을 목적으로 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 현재 초등학교에 배치되어 있는 식수별 급식조리 인원은 표준기준과 비교 시 약 1.5배 정도의 인력이 더 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 작업별 소요시간은 단독조리교가 재료 다듬기 및 세정과정, 음식조리 및 위생관리, 잔반 및 폐기물 관리, 조회 및 회의 등의 작업 시간에서 공동조리교보다 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높은 반면, HACCP관리 및 관련 문서 작성은 공동조리교(38분)에서 단독조리교(35분)보다 소요시간이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 2. 조리인력 1인당 평균 식수는 단독조리교가 114식으로 공동조리교 85식보다 많은 것으로 조사되었으며(p<0.001), 급식 규모 증가에 따라 조리 인력 1인당 생산 식수가 유의적으로 증가(p<0.001)하여 생산성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 3. 조리원이 생각하는 조리인력 1인당 적정식수는 단독조리의 경우, 500식 이하에서는 조리원이 생각하는 조리 인력 1인당 적정식수(73식)가, 현재 조리인력 1인당 생산 식수(68식)보다 많아야 한다고 생각하고 있었으며, 501식 이상부터는 조리 인력 1인당 식수보다 조리원이 생각하는 조리인력 1인당 적정식수가 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 조리원이 생각하는 조리 인력 1인당 평균 적정식수는 단독조리 93명, 공동조리 78명으로 두 집단간 유의적 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 4. 1식 당 소요 시간은 단독조리방식 7.65분, 공동조리방식 9.37분으로 운영방식별 차이에 따른 조리시간의 유의적 차이는 없었고, 오전 작업 시간대 1식 생산시간은 단독 및 공동조리교에서 각각 2.86분, 3.35분으로 유의적 차이가 없었으나 배식 전 작업시간과 전체작업 시간 모두 단독조리교보다 공동조리교가 급식 1식당 소요시간이 더 걸려 단독조리교가 더 생산성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5. 단독조리교는 급식 규모가 커짐에 따라 1식당 소요시간은 점차 감소하여 16.37분(${\leq}$100식)${\sim}$3.94분(${\geq}$1,700식)으로 생산성이 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 식수 규모가 501식이하인 경우 생산성은 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 500식 이하의 소규모 단독조리교가 생산성이 가장 낮았고, 501식 이상의 대규모 단독조리교가 생산성이 높았으나, 그 이상의 식수에서 생산성에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 공동조리교의 1식당 소요시간은 식수에 따라 차이가 없어 생산성에 유의적 차이는 없었으며, 오전 작업시간대 1식당 소요시간도 식수에 따라 1식 소요시간에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.