• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study is to suggest a direction for the development of effective methods for relieving labor pain, by analyzing non-pharmacological interventions through a literature review. Methods: Collection of literature data in this study has been accomplished through theses, reports, and academic data searched on databases of the Research Information Sharing Services (Riss), PubMed, ProQuest, and the National Discovery for Science Leaders (NDSL). Results: Non-pharmacological interventions analyzed as effective in relieving labor pain, in literature published both within and outside of Korea, included: pre-delivery education, Yoga, Doula delivery care, Massage, Music therapy, Aromatherapy, Hypnosis, TENS, Sterilized water injection, and Acupuncture. Conclusion: Several different interventions have been attempted for the relief of labor pain. Since even the same intervention shows different results depending on the research method utilized, critical factors must be acknowledged that compromise the effectiveness of these methods. In addition, study of potential synergy effects of interventions that combine these various methods might also prove to be significant.

• 영어영문학
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2008

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri find in women's caring/domestic labor a potential for producing affects, relationships, and forms of communication and cooperation in the family and in the community. Caring/domestic labor in their view is biopolitical in that it directly produces social relationship and forms of life. In this way, they contributed in deconstructing the fixed idea that women's caring/domestic labors are confined to the private domain rather than public one. The literary representations of women's caring/ domestic labor, however, have tended to emphasize its repetitive and confining attributes to private domains and the accompanying physical and mental alienation. Doris Lessing's "To Room Nineteen" and James Joyce's "Eveline" are the examples. "To Room Nineteen," an indirect manifestation of Doris Lessing's position as a Communist, criticizes the sexual distinction of domestic labor under Capitalistic ethic and describes the possible extinction of women's subjects who internalize the capitalistic ideology of bourgeois middle class nuclear family. "Eveline," the fourth work of Joyce's Dubliners, is another example to show the negative result of internalization of Catholic orthodox in which women are obligated to care and sacrifice specially through domestic and caring labor.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1998

This study was carried out to clarify the labor experience and to understand the labor burdon of women in pre-industrial society. For the purpose This study made use of literature review and narration from 20 elders above 70 years old. It was founded that women in pre-industrial society had participated in public labor which had related to nation and household economy. Especially the participation in textile manufacture was evaluated that had produced lots of economic value. The labor burdon of married women in pre-industrial society was founded great.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to measure the labor intensity of menus according to various cooking types. Through a literature review and in-depth interview, the attributes that affected the labor intensity were identified as the level of skill, amount of effort, degree of tiredness, time consumed, and machine usage. A survey was conducted in April, 2001 among cooks who Dew the entire process of cooking. There was a strong positive correlation between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. Through regression analysis, a regression equation was obtained between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. The labor intensity index calculated from this study showed the extent of labor intensity of menus. The result of this study could be used as basic data for foodservice manager to establish a menu planning and work schedule based on a scientific method.

• Journal of East Asia Management
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2022

This study investigates the effect of labor union and its power on information opacity. Given that the information opacity ultimately leads to the stock price crash, this study examines the relationship between labor unions and future stock price crash risk. Further, by assuming a strike by labor union as the actual power of the unionization in firms, whether labor union's power subrogated by the activity (i.e., a strike) makes a significant difference in the likelihood of future stock price crash between unionized firms is also examined. The work place survey data provided by Korea Labor Institute is used to test the hypotheses. The data is for the periods of 2004 - 2012 on firms listed on Korea Stock Exchange and KOSDAQ. The results show that while labor unionization has a positive impact on future stock price crash risk, on which labor union's power has a negative impact. This means that the existence of labor union itself might facilitate firm's information to be opaque by tolerating manager opportunism, while its power mitigates the managerial opportunism, which leads to lower future stock price crash risk. This study adds to the literature on the role of labor unions as nonfinancial stakeholders and its power in accounting environment, and also on the determinants of stock price crash. It is also valuable to examine the unions' role in terms of the economic consequences of both presence and power of the labor unions.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.161-174
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• 1996

Much of the dual labor markets literature is devoted to exploring the reasons as th why the markets are segmented along the lines where the observed wage differentials are not a result of underlying skill differentials . ; and why otherwise comparable workers different the duration of their job tenure and incidence of unemployment. the logic of competitive economics denies the possibility of equally skilled workers being treated differently in labor markets. The model presented in this paper shows that workers could be segregated quite simply due to the structure of information and job-match quality, even though they are the same in terms of productivity. In general, the model predicts that observability of a worker's productivity and the extent of match specificity are key features of labor market segmentation. An important implication is that the negative from the past labor market experienes, sometimes called as hysteresis effect, helps to restrict mobility of workers among different sectors and results in perpetuation of unemployment in the secondary sector. The model also provides an explanation of the efficient wage scheme in the primary sector.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.189-215
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• 2012

This paper reads Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) in light of the 18th-century understanding of 'sympathy' including those of Hume and Smith and also in light of what Michael Hardt in our century has called "affective labor." I argue that the imaginative capacity and "seeing" are crucial in understanding Smith's idea of 'sympathy.' By showing how the monster's ugliness precludes any human character from sympathizing with him, Mary Shelley exposes that Smith's idea of sympathy fails to maintain social harmony. Mary Shelley revises Smith's 'sympathy' and makes it more radical by suggesting that the active affective labor could bridge the epistemological distance lying between the agent concerned and the impartial spectator. I first read Smith's idea of sympathy as an imaginative capacity which is inevitably influenced by 'seeing' and visual perception. Then I analyze the scenes in which the creature in Frankenstein fails to acquire any human sympathy due to his ugliness, and show how the specular nature of 'sympathy' is disrupted when one party is visually ugly and deformed. I conclude that affective labor and active moral reflection on the part of the spectator need to be provided when the agent concerned is 'ugly' and thus challenges our habitual epistemological boundary. Shelley's re-evaluation of Smith's sympathy, thus, suggests that affective labor may not be something that women alone have to perform, but an ethical practice that concerns all human beings and that can transform the otherwise flawed human capacity for sympathy.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.947-971
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• 2010

Anna Letitia Barbauld's poem "Washing-Day" (1797) has sparked a variety of feminist critical endeavors over the past two decades. While many feminist literary critics try to salvage the poem as a successful tongue-in-cheek riposte directed at the male dominant literary world, more rigorous Marxist feminists accuse Barbauld of being limited by her own middle-class woman's view on women's domestic labor. Legitimate as they may be, these readings fail to elucidate Barbauld's place in a larger literary and intellectual discourse during the eighteenth century. In this paper I read "Washing-Day" as a woman's georgic, a genre or mode concerned with agricultural labor, the public value of which was highly recognized in eighteenth-century England. Alluding to canonical texts by writers like Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope, Barbauld's "loaded lines" in mock-heroic form create a space in which the women's domestic labor of washing interrupts men's daily routines and disrupts their poetic assumptions. While she makes women's work visible, Barbauld also addresses its quintessential nature. Women's work is affective labor; women have to labor physically and mentally to produce the desired domestic comfort. By allowing the image of the soap "bubble" to echo with many "bubbles" in other writers' texts, from the soap bubbles the narrator used to play with as a child to the hot-air balloon "bubble" of the Montgolfier brothers, Barbauld pleasantly equates work and day-dreaming, men's toil and children's play, and finally public, scientific, and recognized labor and private, domestic, and imaginative activities.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate women's labor in the private and public spheres in traditional societies from the Three Kingdom Period to the Chosen Dynasty. This study is based on review of historical literature. It was found that women in the traditional societies from the Three Kingdom Period to the Chosen Dynasty worked not only in private places, such as in households as housewives, but also as slaves in public places such as government offices. Also, women as housewives worked not only to fulfill private needs, but also to pay taxes. In this sense, women in traditional societies participated in labor force in the public arena, not unlike women in industrialized societies who participate in labor market. This research provides a piece of counterevidence against the general belief that women in traditional societies only conducted private housework at home. Therefore this study suggests that we need to rethink gender roles in traditional societies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.585-593
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• 2020

This study contributes to the existing literature by empirically exploring the causes of child labor in the Indonesian labor market. Factors identified include rate of poverty, average wages, education participation, and quality of education. This study utilized an aggregate data of 301 districts and cities across 34 provinces sourced from the National Labor Force Survey and the National School/Madrasah Accreditation Board of the Republic of Indonesia. Using a multiple regression analysis, the study found strong evidence of the positive effect of poverty on child labor. Conversely, the study documented the adverse impact of average wages on child labor in Indonesia. Similarly, the participation in the education system also contributed negatively to the child labor. Finally, the quality of education services is found to have a negative effect on child labor in Indonesia. The findings of this study suggest that, in efforts to reduce the involvement of children in the workforce, the poverty eradication program should be enhanced. The wages should be continuously improved, at least, in par with the changes in prices. Finally, the quality of education and its services ought to be further enhanced to attract more child student participation rates across junior high schools nationwide.