• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2008

To evaluate the bioequivalence of two ramipril formulations, a standard 2-way randomized cross-over study was conducted in twenty-six healthy male Korean volunteers. A single oral dose of 10 mg of test formulation $Ramiprin^{(R)}$ (tablet) or reference formulation Tritace $Protect^{(R)}$ (tablet) was administered with one-week washout period. Plasma concentrations of ramipril were assayed over a period of 12 hr with a well validated method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve, from time zero to last sampling time $(AUC_t)$ and from time zero to time infinity $(AUC_{inf})$ were $77.45{\pm}44.78\;and\;78.96{\pm}45.64$ for test, and $70.30{\pm}42.27\;and\;71.99{\pm}43.55ng\;hr/mL$ for reference formulation, respectively. Similarly, maximum concentration $(C_{max})$ and elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were $65.61{\pm}19.96ng/mL$ and $2.15{\pm}0.75hr$ for test, and $63.63{\pm}25.50ng/mL$ and $2.16{\pm}0.73hr$ for reference formulations, respectively. Time to reach maximum concentration $(T_{max})$ for the test and the reference, were $0.51{\pm}0.22hr\;and\;0.52{\pm}0.18hr$, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the differences between the two formulations (test-reference) of the log-transformed values of $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were 1.03 to 1.19 and 0.98 to 1.17, respectively. The overall results indicate that the two formulations are bioequivalent and can be prescribed interchangeably.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.529-534
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• 1996

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the determination of ketorolac in human serum using a new extraction method with a good recovery. Human serum samples (1.0 ml) spiked with known concentrations of ketorolac tromethamine and 10${\mu}g$ of ketoprofen as the internal standard (IS) were acidified with 200${\mu}l$ of 1 N HCl and extracted with 7 ml of n-hexane-ether (7:3 v/v). Extracts were centrifuged and organic layer was back-extracted with 400${\mu}l$ of 0.1% tromethamine solution. Twenty .mu.l of centrifuged aqueous layer was injected onto a reversed-phase octyl column and eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile, water, methanol, and triethylamine [35:55:10:0.1 (v/v), pH 3.0] at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Ultraviolet detection of ketorolac and IS was carried out at 300 nm. The calibration curve obtained using peak area ratios showed a good linearity (in concentration range 10-150 ng/ml $r^2$=O.9944; in range 50-2000 ng/ml, r$^{2}$=0.9998). The mean intra-day accuracy and precision for this HPLC method were found to be 3.6 and 3.7%, respectively. The mean inter-day accuracy and precision were found to be 4.0 and 3.7%, respectively, in the concentration range 50-2000 ng/ml. The recovery of ketorolac from serum was 92.0 $({\pm}5.7)$ % at the concentration of 100 ng/ml. This method proved to be readily applicable to the assay of ketorolac in human serum.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2024

Purpose: Recently, the prevalence of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) has shown an increasing trend worldwide. As the diagnosis of EGID requires invasive endoscopy with biopsy, noninvasive markers for detecting EGID in suspected patients, particularly children, are urgently needed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) beyond peripheral eosinophil counts in pediatric patients with EGID. Methods: Overall, 156 children diagnosed with EGID were enrolled and 150 children with functional abdominal pain disorder (FAPD) were recruited as controls. All participants underwent endoscopic biopsy in each segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and serum ECP measurement, as well as peripheral eosinophil percent and absolute eosinophil count. Results: Comparing EGID (n=156) with FAPD (n=150) patients, serum ECP levels were significantly higher in pediatric patients with EGID than in those with FAPD (25.8±28.6 ㎍/L vs. 19.5±21.0 ㎍/L, p=0.007), while there was no significant difference in peripheral eosinophil percent and absolute eosinophil counts between the two groups. Serum ECP levels were correlated with peripheral eosinophil percent (r=0.593, p<0.001) and the absolute eosinophil count (r=0.660, p<0.001). The optimal cutoff value of serum ECP for pediatric EGID was 10.5 ㎍/mL, with a sensitivity of 69.9% and a specificity of 43.4% with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.562. Conclusion: The combination of serum ECP levels and peripheral eosinophil counts, when employed with appropriated thresholds, could serve as a valuable noninvasive biomarker to distinguish between EGID and FAPD in pediatric patients manifesting GI symptoms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen debt, lactate and excess lactate were measured in 13 men with low hematocrit ratio before and after maximal exercise. Maximal exercise run was performed on a treadmill and the duration of run was 2 minutes 45 seconds in each subject. Hematocrit ratio ranged between 35 and 47%, the mean being 39.8%. The following results were obtained. 1. Maximal oxygen debt expressed on basis of body weight increased as the hematocrit ratio decreased. The correlation coefficient between the two was r= -0.770. 2. The time necessary for decreasing to 50% of total maximal $O_2$ debt(half time) became longer as the hematocrit ratio decreased. In normal men the half time was about 4 minutes and at the longest it was 12 minutes in men with the lowest hematocrit ratio. 3. The lactate concentration reached its peak value after 3 minutes of recovery. Thereafter, the time course of decrease in lactate concentration coincided roughly with that of respiratory oxygen debt curve. To reach to the resting level, however, it took longer time than that of respiratory oxygen debt. 4. Resting concentrations of lactate was 1.28 mM/l, pyruvate 0.13 mM/l and L/P ratio was 9.8. Peak value of ${\Delta}L$ after exercise reached to the value of 10.4 mM/l and ${\Delta}L/P$ reached 26.0. Peak excess lactate after exercise was 6.34 mM/l. 5. The part of oxygen debt accounted for by the oxygen equivalent of excess lactate was only 38.4%. A better relationship between lactate and oxygen debt was observed and the part of oxygen debt accounted for by the oxygen equivalent of lactate was 63.3%. 6. Peak value of lactate after maximal exercise increased as the hematocrit ratio decreased. 7. Respiratory oxygen debt of 100 ml/kg was accounted for by lactate more than 60% and only 30% was by excess lactate. 8. Excess lactate was not a good index of respiratory oxygen debt.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 1999

Plant water status during growth is directly and indirectly associated with seed yield. The objective of the present study was to determine the genotypic differences in leaf water characteristics at an early growth stage of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plants through the pressure-bomb technique. Measurements of water potential as well as relative water content (RWC) were made at the third leaf from the fully-expanded top leaf of eight different soybean genotypes grown for 31 to 35 days after field emergence. On the basis of the modified exponential model, pressure-volume (PV) curves were fitted well ($R^2$=0.92＊＊ to 0.99＊＊ for the curvi-linear region and R=0.67＊＊ to 0.96＊＊ for the linear region), indicating that a segmented model using PROC NLIN of SAS could be used effectively to estimate the leaf water characteristics. The regression analysis for the pressure-volume (PV) curve revealed genotypic variation in the solute potential at saturation (Ψ$_{s,sat}$ :-10.7 to -14.8 bar), solute potential at incipient plasmolysis (Ψ$_{s,ip}$ : -14.3 to -18.3 bar), RWC at incipient plasmolysis (RW $C_{ip}$ : 83.3 to 91.7%), high integrated turgor pressure from saturation to plasmolysis ( $_1$$^{b}$ : 0.39 to 0.81), and maximum volumetric modulus of elasticity ($\varepsilon$$_{max}$ : 150 to 445 bar).).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

Groundwaters were sampled from 730 wells being used for drinking purposes during 2007-2009. These samples were analysed using a gas-flow type GPC (Gas Proportional Counter) according to the USEPA method (900.0). We obtained a gross-alpha counting TDS (total dissolved solid) efficiency curve (Y = 0.0017X2 - 0.3122X + 19.165, X = TDS, Y = efficiency, $R^2$ = 0.9734) using natural uranium standard to get gross ${\alpha}$ value of the samples. The gross alpha values ranged from MDA (minimum detectable activity) to 14.88 pCi/L and 429 samples showed values higher than MDA (< 0.9 pCi/L). Correlations of the uranium values with the total alpha values and the gross-alpha values indicate that uranium values have high impacts on gross-alpha values. Groundwater samples of study areas were classified into four regions according to the rock types; plutonic (granite) rock region (427 areas), metamorphic rock region (181 aeras), sedimentary rock region (70 areas), volcanic rock region (52 areas). Groundwater of Cretaceous granite presented the highest gross-alpha value. Gross alpha in groundwaters showed no relationship with uranium in terms of the geological ages, rocks and minerals.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1969

Physiological analysis of swimming in 13 (age:16.3 years, freestyle swimming) and 15 (age:17.2 years, breast stroke swimming) high school boys through oxygen uptake and oxygen debt measurements were performed. The following results were obtained. 1. In freestyle swimming oxygen debt was greater and mechanical efficiency was lower in subjects with less speed. In beginner efficiency was only 1.35%, whereas, in a more skilled subject it ranged to 4.28%. The mean efficiency was 2.59%. 2. In freestyle swimming the speed-oxygen debt curve was convex to the speed axis and the curve shifted to the right the more the speed was greater. 3. Maximal oxygen uptake in breast stroke swimming was 2.51 l/min or 41.8 ml/kin/kg and was 79.3% of treadmill running. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in breast stroke swimming was 73.1 l/min and was 87% of treadmill running. Maximal ventilation equivalent was 2.89 liters. 4. In subjects with greater speed of breast stroke swimming maximal oxygen uptake and mechanical efficiency of swimming were greater. The mechanical efficiency of breast stroke swimming averaged 1.08% $(range:0.51{\sim}1.70%)$. The coefficient of correlation between speed and efficiency was r=.87.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.307-311
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• 2019

Purpose: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most serious complications of prematurity. Many risk factors can contribute to the development of NEC. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a major role in intestinal barrier function, increases intestinal enzyme activity, and improves nutrient transport. The aim of this study was to assess the role of epidermal growth factor in the development of NEC in preterm neonates. Methods: In this study, 130 preterm neonates were included and divided into 3 groups, as follows: group 1, 40 preterm neonates with NEC; group 2, 50 preterm neonates with sepsis; and group 3, 40 healthy preterm neonates as controls. The NEC group was then subdivided into medical and surgical NEC subgroups. The serum EGF level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Serum EGF levels (pg/dL) were significantly lower in the NEC group (median [interquartile range, IQR], 9.6 [2-14]) than in the sepsis (10.1 [8-14]) and control groups (11.2 [8-14], P<0.001), with no significant difference between the sepsis and control groups, and were positively correlated with gestational age (r=0.7, P<0.001). A binary logistic regression test revealed that low EGF levels and gestational ages could significantly predict the development of NEC. The receiver-operating characteristic curve for EGF showed an optimal cutoff value of 8 pg/mL, with 73.3% sensitivity, 98% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92. Conclusion: The patients with NEC in this study had significantly lower serum EGF levels (P<0.001), which indicated that EGF could be a reliable marker of NEC in preterm neonates.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2015

Rosa canina L. is health functional food materials that can help to temporarily relieve symptoms of arthritis. This study has been conducted to develop and validate analytical methods for hyperoside of Rosa canina L.. Methods based on HPLC with ultraviolet detection (UVD) were established through instrumental analytical conditions, and the examination of data, such as domestic and foreign reliable methods and journals. HPLC UVD analysis using Capcell Pak $C_{18}$ MG II column at 353 nm was determined on test through the column, mobile phase. The validation has been performed on the method to determine linearity, accuracy, limits of quantification (LOQ) and repeatability for hyperoside. The method showed high linearity in the calibration curve at a coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) of 0.999, and the LOQ was $0.393{\mu}g/mL$. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from repeatability precision was between 0.6 and 2.6%. Recovery rate test at hyperoside scored between 98 and 99%. These results indicate that the established HPLC method is very useful for the determination of hyperoside in Rosa canina L. to develop a health functional material.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.229-239
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• 1970

Various thermoluminescent properties of Korean natural quartz for possible use in ${\gamma}$-ray dosimetry has been studied. If the heating is exactly linear, ${\gamma}$-irradiated radiation sensitive (type 1) $\alpha$-quartz can yield a glow curve of single peak, hence glow peak height could be taken as a ${\gamma}$-dose for its dosimetry. Quartz crystal dosimeter exhibited the linearity of thermoluminescent intensity in the range from about 2$\times$10$^{3}$R to 2$\times$10$^{6}$ R, and also had an advantage of low fading because of the high peak temperature (300$\pm$4$0^{\circ}C$). The pulverized quartz sample having the grain size of 0.3<ø<0.9mm showed the linearity of T. L. intensity in the range from 50R to 2$\times$10$^3$R. Therapeutic application of the pulverized sample on the correct measurement of the absorbed dose in a body region of a cancer patient seems to be successful.