• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.160-164
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• 1994

In this study, we investigeated the anticarcinogenicity of various types and ages of ginseng extracts as an extended study using Yun's anticarcinogenicity test. Fresh ginseng at 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years was dried and powdered. And white ginseng was processed in the same way that of fresh ginseng after removal fo the ginseng cortex and fine root. For red ginsneg, fresh ginseng was steamed and dried. Each ginseng powder was extracted and extracts was freeze dried. Newborn N:GP(S) mice were given a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg of benzo(a)pyrene(BP). Various types and ages of ginseng extracts at 2.5mg/ml were orally administered. All the mice were sacrificed at the 9th week. The following results were obtained. In the dried fresh ginseng extract treated group, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP was 63.9% and its incidence was reduced to 48.3%, 52.5%, 51.8%, 47.5% and 44.1% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, respectively. The incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP on the white ginseng extract treated group was 41.3% and decreased to 31.0%, 46.0%, 44.0% and 26.5% after co-treatment with 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng, respectively. In the red ginseng extract treated group, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP was 47.5% and its incidence diminished to 40.7%, 35.0%, 30.1%, 30.0% and 26.3% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng, respectively. From the above results, we concluded that a statistically significant anticarcinogenic effect was observed in extracts of 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 6 year-white ginseng, and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng and it is suggested that the anticarcinogenicity of ginseng varies according to the types and ages Key words Ginseng extract, types and ages. anticarcinogenic, newborn mice, lung tumor.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng (RG), which is a ginseng treated by heating and steaming, has biological activity similar to Panax ginseng. The effect of ginseng on influenza infection has not been studied although it is known to have a broad range of biological activities. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of RG extract on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. We investigated the inhibitory effect of RG extract on plaque formation by influenza A virus in a cell-based plaque assay, and the effect of orally administered RG on influenza A virus infection in mice. RG extract, which was applied at a non-cytotoxic concentration, inhibited plaque formation by influenza A virus in the cell-based plaque assay. The orally administered RG extract ameliorated body weight loss and significantly increased survival in mice infected with influenza A virus. Our results suggest that RG extract has components that reduce the severity of infection by influenza A virus and could potentially be used as a complement to treatment of influenza A virus infections.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1996

Panax ginseng has been used for various diseases including hepatic disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract and saponin of Panax ginseng in thioacetamide-intoxicated rats and to compare with silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single intragastric administration of thioacetamide. Aqueous solutions of ethanol extract and saponin of Panax ginseng with or without silymarin were administered intragastrically daily for six days from four days before until one day after thioacetamide administration. At the end of the treatment, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed. As a result, thioacetamide caused significant increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, 5'-nucleotidase and bilirubin. Thioacetamide increased $Ca^++$ content but decreased protein content in liver tissue. These thioacetamide-induced biochemical changes were prevented both by ethanol extract of ginseng and silymarin, but not by ginseng saponin. Silymarin did not potentlate the effect of either ethanol extract or saponin of ginseng on these parameters. Thioacetamide-induced confluent necrosis was not protected by the test drugs. In conclusion, ethanol extract of ginseng protects the liver possibly by stabilizing the cell membrane and by inhibiting thioacetamide-induced $Ca^++$ increase in the hepatocytes, which was comparable to that of silymarin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 1981

For bioassay of the various extracts of ginseng, the growth determination method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was cultured with various doses of the extracts, was studied The water extract, Powder. and ethanol extract were more effective (about 45∼ 110% increase) than saponins or its fractions (about 20∼35% increase). The cold methanol residue showed a increase effect but it was not significant. The bioassay curves for the water extract, ethanol extract, the butanol extracted saponins and the cold methanol- residue were made from the experimental data. From these curves it is possible to find the relation between dose and effectiveness and the optimal doses of various ginseng extracts, and the amount of extract in a sample can be estimated The .angers of sample amount were 0.01% (100ppm) ∼0.32% (3200ppm) fo. the water extract, 0.025% (150ppm)∼0.1% (1000ppm) for the ethanol extract, and 0.008% (80ppm)∼0.016% (160ppm) for the saponins. It was impossible to determine the range for the cold methanol- residue, The acceleration effects on the cell proliferation by a only 0.0008% (8ppm) of the diol- and triol-saponin were measurable in earlier Period (24 hour treatment).

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.151-162
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• 2001

산삼은 고유의 생약으로 민간 또는 한방에서 효능을 인정받아 왔으나 산삼의 희귀성으로 인하여 산삼에 대한 연구가 활발하지 못하였다. 따라서 본 실험은 식물 조직 배양 기술을 이용하여 산삼 부정근을 대량으로 배양하고 추출하여 화장품 원료로서의 적용 가능성을 연구하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2013

Ginseng is a well-known traditional medicine used in Asian countries for several thousand years, and it is currently applied to medicine, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements due to its many healing and energygiving properties. It is well demonstrated that ginsenosides, the main ingredient of ginseng, produce a variety of pharmacological and therapeutic effects on central nerve system (CNS) disorders, cardiovascular disease, endocrine secretions, aging, and immune function. Korean red ginseng extract is a dietary supplement containing ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng. While the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the extract have been well established, its toxicological properties remain obscure. Thus, four-week oral toxicity studies in rats were conducted to investigate whether Korean red ginseng extract could have a potential toxicity to humans. The test article was administered once daily by oral gavage to four groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Neither deaths nor clinical symptoms were observed in any group during the experiment. Furthermore, no abnormalities in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, or histopathology were revealed related to the administration of the test article in either sex of any dosed group. Therefore, a target organ was not determined in this study, and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Korean red ginseng extract was established to be 2,000 mg/kg/day.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2004년도 춘계 총회 및 학술대회
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• pp.36-38
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• 2004

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.1497-1506
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• 2008

홍삼 추출물을 첨가한 두부를 제조함에 있어 홍삼 추출물 첨가량이 두부의 품질과 저장성 그리고 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 건조 대두를 기준으로 홍삼 추출물을 $0.5{\sim}2%$ 첨가하여 제조한 두부와 첨가하지 않은 두부의 물성, 색도, 관능의 차이를 비교하였다. 두부의 texture는 견고성과 탄력성에서만 홍삼 추출물의 첨가량에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향으로 홍삼 추출물을 2% 첨가한 두부에서 유의적 차이가 나타났고, 두부의 색도는 L, a, b값 모두 유의적으로 증가하였다. 관능검사 결과 color에 대한 기호도가 떨어지는 경향을 보여 주었으나 홍삼 특유의 맛이 유의적으로 감지되면서 전체적인 기호도는 통계상 유의적 차이가 보이지 않아 홍삼 추출물의 첨가가 소비자의 기호에 특별한 거부감을 일으키지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 두부를 $15^{\circ}C$에서 보관하면서 pH, 탁도 그리고 총 균수의 변화를 측정한 결과 저장 초기에는 변화가 없다가 pH와 총 균수는 저장 4일부터, 탁도는 저장 6일부터 변화하는 것으로 나타나, 이는 홍삼 추출물이 첨가된 두부가 홍삼 추출물이 첨가되지 않은 두부보다 미생물 생육이 억제되어 두부의 저장성이 향상되었음을 의미한다. ORAC assay를 이용한 두부의 항산화 활성은 첨가된 홍삼 추출물의 농도에 비례하여 antioxidant 활성이 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, ORACOH. assay에서 는 홍삼 추출물을 첨가한 두부 추출물이 홍삼 추출물의 농도에 비례하여 pro-oxidant 활성을 보여 주었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.182-187
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• 1979

시판되고 있는 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘), 홍삼(紅蔘) 엑기스와 백삼(白蔘) 엑기스를 구입하여 ethyl ether로 추출한 다음 지방질(脂肪質)의 총(總) 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성(組成)을 GLC로 분석 확인하였고 각 peak면적은 integrator로 계산하였다. 1. 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘) II의 조(粗) 지방질(脂肪質) 함량은 각각 0.86%와 0.82%로 비슷하였고 백삼(白蔘) I의 조(粗) 지방질(脂肪質)은 0.54%였다. 엑기스에서는 홍삼(紅蔘) 엑기스와 백삼(白蔘) 엑기스 I에서 다같이 약 1.1%정도였는데 다만 백삼(白蔘)엑기스 II에서만 0.40%로서 함량이 가장 적었다. 2. 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)에서 $C_{10:0}$을 제외한 $C_{6:0}$에서 $C_{24:1}$까지 분리된 총 22개의 peak중 16개의 우수 지방산(脂肪酸)을 확인하였으며 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 주지방산(主脂肪酸)은 linoleic acid로서 홍삼(紅蔘)이 63.33%, 백삼(白蔘) I 45.55%, 백삼(白蔘) II 41.06%였다. 그 다음으로 많은 지방산(脂肪酸)은 palmitic acid로서 홍삼(紅蔘)은 11.30%였고 백삼(白蔘) I과 II는 이보다 다소 많았다. 3. 홍삼(紅蔘) 엑기스에서는 linoleic acid가 15.93% palmitic acid가 15.71%로서 이 두 지방산(脂肪酸)이 주(主) 지방산(脂肪酸)을 이루고 있었고 백삼(白蔘) 엑기스 I에서도 linoleic acid가 21.94%, palmitic acid가 19.15%로서 역시 이 두 지방산(脂肪酸)이 주(主) 지방산(脂肪酸)을 이루고 있었다. 그러나 백삼(白蔘)엑기스 II에서는 16.13%인 palmitic acid가 주(主) 지방산(脂肪酸)을 구성하고 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.550-555
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• 2008

홍삼액의 첨가에 따른 발효가능성을 알아보기 위하여 홍삼액의 첨가량을 달리하여 발효특성을 조사하였다. 본 실험에서는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae JF-Y3을 이용하여 발효를 실시하였으며, 홍삼액($20\;^{\circ}brix$) 함량 $10{\sim}50%$, yeast extract $0.5{\sim}2.5%$의 범위로 중심합성계획법에 의하여 10개의 구간으로 홍삼액의 알코올 발효특성을 살펴보았다. 효모수는 홍삼액 및 yeast extract 농도 모두에 영향을 받고 있었으며, 홍삼액 농도에 더 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 홍삼액 농도가 감소하고, yeast extract 농도가 증가할수록 효모수가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 알코올 함량이 가장 높게 나타난 발효조건은 홍삼액 함량 30%, yeast extract 함량 0.50%이었으며, 이때의 최대값은 12.45%로 예측되었다. 당도 및 총당 함량의 경우 각각 1%이내의 유의수준에서 유의성이 인정되었고, 당도의 경우 홍삼액 및 yeast extract 함량 두 조건에 모두 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 총당 함량의 경우 주로 홍삼액 농도에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 홍삼액 $20\;^{\circ}brix$의 함량을 $10{\sim}50%$까지 증가하여도 발효액의 알코올 함량이 모두 10% 이상이었으며, 전반적으로 홍삼액 첨가에 따른 발효의 저해는 크게 일어나지 않는 것으로 나타나 홍삼의 유효한 성분을 이용한 기능성 주류 개발 시 홍삼농축액을 효율적으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 앞으로 홍삼액 발효 시의 알코올 성분에 대한 분석, 발효액에 대한 관능적 특성, 유효성분 등에 대한 특성 변화 등을 통한 고품질 홍삼주 제조와 관련하여 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.