• 한국농공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.100-116
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• 1993

It is experienced fact that unreasonable design criterion and unsitable operation management for the agricultural structures including reservoirs based on short terms data of monthly flows have been brought about not only loss of lives, but also enormous property damage. For the solution of this point at issue, this study was conducted to simulate long series of synthetic monthly flows by multi-season first order Markov model with selection of best fitting frequency distribution and to make a comparison of statistical parameters between observed and synthetic flows of six watersheds in Yeong San and Seom Jin river systems. The results obtained through this study can be summarized as follows. 1.Both Gamma and two parameter lognormal distribution were found to be suitable ones for monthly flows in all watersheds by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test while those distributions were judged to be unfitness in Nam Pyeong of Yeong San and Song Jeong and Ab Rog watersheds of Seom Jin river systems in the $\chi$$^2$ goodness of fit test. 2.Most of the arithmetic mean values for synthetic monthly flows simulated by Gamma distribution are much closer to the results of the observed data than those of two parameter lognomal distribution in the applied watersheds. 3.Fluctuation for the coefficient of variation derived by Gamma distribution was shown in general as better agreement with the results of the observed data than that of two parameter lognormal distribution in the applied watersheds both in Yeong San and Seom Jin river systems. Especially, coefficients of variation calculated by Gamma distribution are seemed to be much closer to those of the observed data during July and August. 4.It can be concluded that synthetic monthly flows simulated by Gamma distribution are seemed to be much closer to the observed data than those by two parameter lognormal distribution in the applied watersheds. 5.It is to be desired that multi-season first order Markov model based on Gamma distribution which is confirmed as a good fitting one in this study would be compared with Harmonic synthetic model as a continuation follows.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if pre-treatment with desensitizers have a negative effect on microtensile bond strength before cementing a restoration using recently introduced self-adhesive resin cement to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-five human molars' occlusal surfaces were ground to expose dentin; and were randomly grouped as (n=5); 1) Gluma-(Glutaraldehyde/HEMA) 2) Aqua-Prep F-(Fluoride), 3) Bisblock-(Oxalate), 4) Cervitec Plus-(Clorhexidine), 5) Smart protect-(Triclosan), 6) Nd:YAG laser, 7) No treatment (control). After applying the selected agent, RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond composite resin blocks to dentin. All groups were subjected to thermocycling for 1000 cycles between $5-55^{\circ}C$. Each bonded specimen was sectioned to microbars ($6mm{\times}1mm{\times}1mm$) (n=20). Specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene's test, Kruskal-Wallis One-way Analysis of Variance, and Conover's nonparametric statistical analysis were used (P<.05). RESULTS. Gluma, Smart Protect and Nd:YAG laser treatments showed comparable microtensile bond strengths compared with the control group (P>.05). The microtensile bond strengths of Aqua-Prep F, and Cervitec Plus were similar to each other but significantly lower than the control group (P<.05). Bisblock showed the lowest microtensile bond strength among all groups (P<.001). Most groups showed adhesive failure. CONCLUSION. Within the limitation of this study, it is not recommended to use Aqua-prep F, Cervitec Plus and Bisblock on dentin when used with a self-adhesive resin cement due to the decrease they cause in bond strength. Beside, pre-treatment of dentin with Gluma, Smart protect, and Nd:YAG laser do not have a negative effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure changes in the H-reflex and V wave under loading conditions (e.g. prone and standing position) and to investigate whether postural change would affect the H-reflex and V wave in post stroke hemiplegic patients. Methods: Thirty persons with hemiplegia resulting from stroke (20 males, 10 females) participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG) was used to electrically stimulate and record the soleus H-reflexes and V waves under various loading conditions. The normality of the distribution of each variable (H latency, $H_{max}/M_{max}$ ratio, $V_{max}/M_{max}$ ratio) was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The means of normally distributed continuous data were assessed by independent t-test (${\alpha}$=0.05). Results: There were statistically significant differences in $H_{max}/M_{max}$ ratio (p<0.01), $V_{max}/M_{max}$ ratio (p<0.01), H latency (p<0.01) among the prone and standing position. Conclusion: We found that the H-reflex and V wave in standing position was more active to weight bearing load than prone position.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2015

PURPOSE. In this study, a temporal abutment fixation screw, designed to fracture in a controlled way upon application of an occlusal force sufficient to produce critical micromotion was developed. The purpose of the screw was to protect the osseointegration of immediate loaded single implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seven different screw prototypes were examined by fixing titanium abutments to 112 Mozo-Grau external hexagon implants (MG Osseous$^{(R)}$; Mozo-Grau, S.A., Valladolid, Spain). Fracture strength was tested at $30^{\circ}$ in two subgroups per screw: one under dynamic loading and the other without prior dynamic loading. Dynamic loading was performed in a single-axis chewing simulator using 150,000 load cycles at 50 N. After normal distribution of obtained data was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, fracture resistance between samples submitted and not submitted to dynamic loading was compared by the use of Student's t-test. Comparison of fracture resistance among different screw designs was performed by the use of one-way analysis of variance. Confidence interval was set at 95%. RESULTS. Fractures occurred in all screws, allowing easy retrieval. Screw Prototypes 2, 5 and 6 failed during dynamic loading and exhibited statistically significant differences from the other prototypes. CONCLUSION. Prototypes 2, 5 and 6 may offer a useful protective mechanism during occlusal overload in immediate loaded implants.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1750-1755
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• 2019

Background: Most of the previous researches on the abnormality of breathing pattern have focused on the silence of functional movements owing to such abnormality, however, have not been clearly identified the relationship between the abnormal breathing pattern on one hand and kinesiophobia and flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) on the other hand. Objective: To compare patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and healthy person in the abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP during flexion and extension of the trunk. Design: Case-control study. Methods: The research subjects consisted of a group of 15 healthy adults and another group of 15 patients with CLBP. Capnography was used to measure the endtidal $CO_2$ ($EtCO_2$) and respiratory quotient (RQ). The muscle activity of multifidus and erector spinae of the subjects was measured during flexion and extension of the trunk to identify their FRP. The Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) were utilized to measure their breathing patterns and kinesiophobia, respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was conducted in order to analyze the normal distribution of the measured data. Their general characteristics were identified by the descriptive statistics and the independent t-test was performed to identify the differences between the two groups in terms of abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: The patients with CLBP had significantly less $EtCO_2$ and shorter breathing hold time (BHT) than normal healthy person (p<.05). The patient with CLBP also had significantly greater kinesiophobia than healthy person (p<.05), and had less FRP than the healthy person (p<.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that the CLBP had greater abnormality of breathing pattern and kinesiophobia with less FRP than healthy person.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

The unified scheme of Seyfert galaxies hypothesizes that the observed differences between the two categories of Seyfert galaxies, type 1 (Sy1) and type 2 (Sy2) are merely due to the difference in the orientation of the toroidal shape of the obscuring material in the active galactic nuclei. We used in this paper, a sample consisting of 120 Seyfert galaxies at 1.40 × 10⁹ Hz in radio, 2.52 × 10¹⁷ Hz in X-ray and 2.52 × 10²³ Hz in γ-ray luminosities observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) in order to test the unified scheme of radio-quiet Seyfert galaxies. Our main results are as follows: (i) We found that the distributions of multiwave luminosities (L_radio, L_X-ray, and L_γ-ray) of Sy1 and Sy2 are completely overlapped with up to a factor of 4. The principal component analysis result reveals that Sy1 and Sy2 also occupy the same parameter spaces, which agrees with the notion that Sy1 and Sy2 are the same class objects. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test performed on the sub-samples indicates that the null hypothesis (both are from the same population) cannot be rejected with chance probability p ~ 0 and separation distance K = 0.013. This result supports the fact that there is no statistical difference between the properties of Sy1 and Sy2 (ii) We found that the coefficient of the best-fit linear regression equation between the common properties of Sy1 and Sy2 is significant (r > 0.50) which plausibly implies that Sy1 and Sy2 are the same type of objects observed at different viewing angle.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of provisional crowns manufactured using a milling machine and a digital light processing (DLP) printer. Methods: A full-contour crown was designed using computer-aided design software. Provisional crowns of this design were manufactured using a milling machine and using a DLP three-dimensional (3D) printer (N=20). The provisional crowns were digitized with an extraoral scanner, and 3D deviation analysis was applied to the scanned data to confirm their accuracy. An independent t-test was performed to detect the significant differences, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for analysis (α=0.05). Results: No significant differences were found among the precision of marginal surface between the printed and milled crowns (p=0.181). The trueness of marginal and internal surfaces of the milled crowns were statistically higher than those of the printed crowns (p=0.024, p=0.001; respectively). Conclusion: The accuracy of provisional crowns manufactured using a milling machine and a 3D printer differed significantly except with regards to the precision of the internal surface. However, all the crowns were clinically acceptable, regardless of the manufacturing method used.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2023

Objective : Low back pain (LBP) is a global health problem that affects the productivity of the patients. Several factors such as individual, occupational, and psychosocial factors increase the risk of LBP. However, only a few studies investigated those factors, especially in middle adulthood in Indonesia. Indonesia is a country with a young population that has been rapidly developing in recent years. This study was conducted to find out the factors associated with LBP in middle adulthood. Methods : This study is a cross-sectional observational analytic study using a convenience sampling method with a total sample of 3005 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was then analyzed using the chi-square test, Kolmogorov-smirnov, Spearman's Rank, and logistic regression test. Results : From the result of this study, it was found that the 12-month prevalence of LBP in middle-aged adults was 44,29%. Female (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.098-1.545; p=0.002), lack of physical exercises (OR, 0.87; 95% Cl, 0.794-0.959; p=0.005), high body mass index (OR, 1.09; 95% Cl, 1.009-1.187; p=0.002), stress level (OR, 1.26; 95% Cl, 1.088-1.458; p=0.002), and years of work experience (OR, 1.1; 95% Cl, 1.001-1.225; p=0.047) were determined as risk factors that significantly associated with LBP. Conclusion : LBP is quite common among middle-aged adults in Indonesia. Female gender, higher body mass index, lack of physical activity, stress level, and years of work experience were all potential risk factors for LBP in middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults in Indonesia should be aware of LBP and avoid disabilities by identifying risk factors that may worsen LBP in the future.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2023

목적. 이 연구의 목적은 알루미나 입자 공기분사 및 프라이머 표면처리가 각각 두 가지 종류의 지르코니아(3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal; 3Y-TZP, 5 mol% partially stabilized zirconia; 5Y-PSZ)와 레진시멘트의 전단응력에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 재료 및 방법. 완전 소결된 14.0×14.0×2.0 mm 크기의 두가지 다른 종류의 지르코니아 시편(3Y-TZP, 5Y-PSZ)을 각각 40개씩 제작하고 400, 600, 800 그릿의 실리콘 카바이드 종이로 연마 후 에폭시 레진에 매립하였다. 이들을 각각 4개의 대조군, 50 ㎛ 알루미나 입자 공기분사 사용군, 프라이머 사용군, 50 ㎛ 알루미나 입자 공기분사와 프라이머로 표면을 처리한 한 후 레진시멘트(PANAVIA V5)로 접착하였다. 그 후 증류수(37℃)에 24시간 보관 후 전단결합강도 실험을 시행, Kolmogorov-Smirnov & Shapiro-Wilk test를 사용해서 정규성을 확인한 후, 모수적 방법인 이원배치분산분석을 사용하여 지르코니아 종류 및 표면처리 방법에 따른 전단결합강도의 상호작용 및 통계적 차이를 분석하였다. 이후 Dunnett T3를 이용해 사후검정을 하였다. 결과. 이배치분산분석 결과 지르코니아 종류에 따른 전단결합강도는 각 군간에 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았지만(P > .05), 표면처리 방법에 따른 전단결합강도는 50 ㎛ 알루미나 입자 공기분사 사용군, 프라이머 사용군, 50 ㎛ 알루미나 공기 분사와 프라이머를 사용한 군에서는 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다(P < .05). Dunnett T3 사후검정 결과 지르코니아의 종류에 상관없이 전단결합강도는 샌드블라스팅 & 프라이머 > 프라이머 > 샌드블라스팅 > 대조군 순서로 나타났다(P < .05). 결론. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 지르코니아 종류에 따른 전단결합 강도 차이는 없었다. 지르코니아 표면의 기계적 화학적 표면처리를 동시에 했을 때 가장 높은 전단결합강도를 보였다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 지방부 간선도로 단속류 구간(국도 42호선 양지$\~$용인구간 6km)의 통행시간정보에 관한 체계적인 수집 $\cdot$ 분석을 위해 현재 국도교통관리시스템(RTMS : Rural Trafc Management System)상에서 운영중인 차량 번호판 매칭방식 AVI 수집자료에 대한 신뢰성 검증 및 단속류 구간 통행시간 자료의 적정집락간격에 관한 연구가 수행되었다. 우선 AVI수집자료 신뢰성 검증을 위하여 번호판 매칭방식 AVI표본수집자료와 전수조사자료를 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 검증기법을 이용하여 분석한 결과 AVI 자료는 통과위주의 대표차로상에서 수집되는 관계로 전차로에 대한 수집자료와 교통특성에 차이가 있어 현재의 번호판 매칭방식 AW 표본수집자료를 통해 산출된 구간통행시간을 구간의 대표값으로 적용하는 문제는 추가 검토가 필요하다. 그리고 적정집락간격을 산출하기 위하여 통계적 추정 개념인 점추정과 구간추정을 적용하여 모형을 개발하여 적용한 결과 점추정기법이 구간추정기법보다 집락간격결정에 민감하고, 보다 정확한 적정집락간격 선정이 가능한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 적정집락간격은 5분으로 산정되어 현재 적용되고 있는 5분 집락간격은 적정한 것으로 판단된다.