• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Indongcho(L. japonica Thunb) powder on blood glucose, serum lipid levels and antioxidative enzymes in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of rats(3-week-old inbred Sprague-Dawley male rats) were normal rats fed control diet(NC), diabetic rats fed control diet(DC), normal rats fed Indongcho powder diet(NI), and diabetic rats fed Indongcho powder diet(DI). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg B.W., i.p.). The animals were fed ad libium each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Food and water intakes were determined everyday. Blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels were determined every week. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed and activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were determined in their liver and kidney homogenates. We also determined serum concentrations of total lipid(TL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C). Blood sugar and water intake were higher in diabetic group(DC and DI group) than normal group(NC and NI group) and were not significantly decreased by dietary Indongcho intake. Body weight gain and FER(feed efficiency ratio) were reduced by STZ treatment. But, Final body weight was recovered by Indongcho-contained diet. LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) of the DI g re up was significantly lower than the other experimental groups(NC, NI and DC groups). The hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity of the groups fed Indongcho diet(NI and DI group) was lower than the groups fed control diet(NC and DC group) and the G6Pase activity of NI group was recovered to the normal levels(p<0.05). However, The glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and glutathione reductase(GR) activities in liver and G6Pase activity in kidney were not statistically different between the control and diabetic control groups. Renal GST activity of the DI group was recovered by Indongcho intake. In conclusion, these results confirm oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats with STZ diabetes and antioxidative effect of Indongcho.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.477-485
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• 1998

To underatand in vitro regulation of differentiation, the effects of growth regulators and nitrogen source on metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides in suspension culture of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated. The suspension cells (cell clusters) were directly induced from the epicotyl segments of the seedlings, which were cultivated in MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L of kinetin. When compared with cell wall sugar contents of the epicotyl segments, the cellulose content of the suspension-cultured cells decreased; while the pectin and hemicellulose content increased; suggesting increases of rhamnogalacturonan I and arabinogalactan IIduring the dedifferentiation, respectively, The effects of growth regulators(2,4-D, 1.0mg/L and kinetin, 0.5mg/L) and nitrogen source (potasium nitrate, 19.0mg/L and ammonium nitrate, 16.5 g/L) in the medium on the proliferation and the turnover of the cell wall polysaccharides were investigated for 30 days. In the medium with growth regulators and without nitrogen source, the proliferation rate was extremely high (16 folds). Growth regulators and nitrogen source increased the pectin content. Analysis of neutral sugar composition of pectin fraction showed that nitrogen source enhanced rhamnose level remarkably, suggesting that rhamnogalacturonan I was the one most likely synthesized. In hemicellulose fraction, growth regulators reduced arabinose level, suggesting that arabinogalactan II was degraded. And nitrogen source reduced galactose level, suggesting that xyloglucan was also degraded.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 1989

This research was intended to know the influence of ${\omega}3\;and\;{\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat's brain, kidney, testis tissues and composition of serum lipoprotein. Different kinds of diets containing perilla oil (PO) and red pepper oil (RPO) were administered to the rats: group 1, 10% PO; group 2, 7.5% PO and 2.5% RPO ; group 3, 5% PO and 5% RPO ; group 4, 2.5% PO and 7.5% RPO ; group 5, 10% RPO. The following are the results. 1. No significance of cholesterol concentration in brain was noticed among the groups, but group 5 was the highest and other groups tended to decrease. 2. As for concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid, the groups with more percentage of RPO increased gradually while those with more PO decreased by degrees. 3. No significance of cholesterol level in kidney was found among the groups. About triglyceride level, group 5 was the highest and it was relatively low in groups2, 3 and 4. group 5, however, was the lowest in phospholipid level. 4. As to cholesterol concentration in testis, groups 1 to 4 were low. About triglyceride level, group 1 increased while groups 2 to 4 decreased. 5. Concerning lipoprotein pattern in serum, HDL increased in groups 1 to 3, while LDL decreased gradually with the increase of perilla oil.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2007

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein(TonEBP) is a transcriptional factor essential in the function and development of the renal medulla. TonEBP plays a critical role in protecting renal medullary cells from the deleterious effect of hypertonicity. TonEBP is a key regulator of urinary concentration via stimulation of transcription of urea transporter(UT) in a manner independent of vasopressin. UT in the renal inner medulla is important for the conservation of body water due to its role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studying the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incomplete in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. In this study, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the TonEBP and UT-A by using a immunohistochemistry in the kidney. In the normal kidney, the distribution of TonEBP is generally localized on nuclei of inner medullary cells. Nuclear distribution of TonEBP is generally increased throughout the medulla in 7 and 14 days dehydrated group compared with control group. Increased nuclear localization was particularly dramatic in thin limbs. In control groups, UT-A was expressed in inner stripe of outer medulla(ISOM) and inner medulla(IM). UT-A was present in the terminal part of the short-loop of descending thin limbs (DTL) in ISOM and also present in the inner medullary collecting duct(IMCD), where the intensity of it gradually increased toward the papillary tip. In the dehydrated kidney, UT-A immunoreactivity was increased in the short-loop of DTL in ISOM and in the long-loop of DTL in the initial part of IM, where was expressed moderate positive reaction in the normal kidney. Also it was up regulated in the IMCD in initial & middle part of IM. However UT-A down regulated in the IMCD, where the intensity of it gradually decreased toward the papillary tip. These findings suggest that increased levels of TonEBP in medulla and UT-A in shot-loop of DTL and IMCD play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived mongolian gerbil kidney.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.491-497
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of alginate oligosaccharide on lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. Male apoE mice were assigned to four groups: normal diet group (N), high-cholesterol diet group (HC), HC with 5% alginate oligosaccharide group (HC-AOL), and 10% alginate oligosaccharide group (HC-AOH). Epididymal adipose tissue and kidney adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced in the HC-AOH group by 131.4% and 148.4%, respectively, as compared to the HC group. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and LDL-cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced in the HC-AOH group by 57.5%, 51.4%, and 82.9%, respectively, as compared to the HC group. Hepatic TC and TG levels in the HC-AOH group were significantly reduced by 72.3% and 33.5%, respectively, as compared to the HC group. These results indicate that alginate oligosaccharide might improve lipid metabolism and reduce fat accumulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigated the effect of dietary fat sources on renal senescence in aged rats. Seventeen month old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups according to urinary protein excretion. Four month old rats were used as a control group. The rats were fed one of three different experimental diets ; 20% beef tallow, 20% corn oil 20% fish oil diet. They were fed experimental diets ad libitum for 16 weeks . The results are summarized as follows. Serum lipid concentrations were higher in aged rats than in control rats, with the beef tallow group showing the highest level, followed by the corn oil and fish oil groups. Old rats showed higher HDL and lower LDL levels than the control groups. Age and dietary fat had no effect on VLDL. GFR for the both age groups were increased with experimental period with the beef tallow group showing the highest value. Urinary protein excretion was also increased with experimental period in both age groups. There was a large increase in urinary protein in old rats that were fed beef tallow and corn oil, but not in old rats fed fish oil. On the contrary , the effect of dietary fat on urinary protein was not found in control groups. There was individual susceptibility in the effect of dietary fat on urinary protein. Old rats fed beef tallow with high initial urinary protein showed highest increase, but , the change was not significant in rats with a low initial value . It was also found that the increase was kept low in rats of the fish oil group with high initial urinary protein. The corn oil group showed in between values. There were no differences in urine and renal tissue concentrations of TXB2 . Aged rats showed a tendency of having higher urinary PGE2 excretion and lower renal cortex content. Since higher PGE2 excretion was reported to be associated with decreased renal function, this might suggest that the aged rats show renal function reduction. Light microscopic examination showed that glomerular segmental sclerosis, mesangial matrix expansion and tubular atrophy were more frequently present in aged rats, and that these changes were more significant in the beef tallow group, followed by corn oil and fish oil groups. The percentage of urinary protein excretion was increased in aged rats in association with increased glomerular sclerosis and mesangial matrix . This change could be partly due to a change in eicosanoids metabolism . Therefore, modification of dietary fat could affect the eicosanoids metabolism in kidney and renal senescence.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.71-79
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• 2005

The metabolism of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) and $C_4$ isozyme were studied in tissues of Coreoperca herzi and Pseudogobio esocinus acclimated to rapid increase of dissolved oxygen (DO). In C. herzi the LDH activity was changed $35-39\%$ in brain and liver tissues, and within $20\%$ in other tissues. The $B_4$ isozyme was increased and isozyme containing subunit C was decreased in muscle tissue. The $B_4$ isozyme was increased in heart and kidney. In P. esocinus, the LDH activity in liver tissues was largely increased to $150\%$ for 30 minute and $70\%$ in other tissues. The $A_4$ isozyme was increased in muscle and $B_4$ isozyme was increased in other tissues. Especially, the metabolism of liver tissue in P. esocinus was regulated by increasing liver-specific $C_4$ and decreasing $A_4$ isozyme. But the metabolism of eye tissue in C. herzi was regulated by decreasing LDH activity and eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme. The LDH activity and LDH isozyme in P. esocinus were largely increased than C. herzi acclimated to rapid increase of DO. And eye-specific $C_4$ and liver-specific $C_4$ isozymes played role as lactate oxidase. Therefore, the response of species acclimated to rapid increase of DO seems to be variable, perhaps due to prior exposure to environmental conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.664-671
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of different type of dietary fat on survival metabolism of fasting rats, one group rats (FO) were fasted, another one group rats (BM) were fed normal diet and the others were fed only one of the following fat diets: beef tallow (FT), corn oil (FC), and perilla oil (FP) of 11.4g/kg respectively. Most FO group rats survived for 6 days and large part of the only-fat-diet groups rats survived for 16 days. Body weights of all rats in fasting and only-fat-groups, measured just one day prior to death owing to fasting or caloric malnutrition, decreased by 24.5%~25% only-fat to fasting rat somewhat extended the survival time but the specific properties of dietary fat types had no remarkably differential effect on survival time and body weight gain rate. The features of liver and kidney weight gain rate of all rats in fasting and only-fat-diet groups were similar to those of body weight gain rate. In FO groups blood levels of total-cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose markedly reduced whereas GPT activities and BUN levels considerably increased as compared to BM group. However the types of dietary fat perse did not affect blood total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, BUN levels, and GPT activities in early stage of fasting in FC and FP group. GPT activities in rats of FP group just prior to death of starvation seemed to be affected by the dietary fat types. The results showed that only-fat-feeding to fasting rats somewhat extended survival time but the types of dietary fat had no remarkably differential effect on survival time and metabolism of fasting rats.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.215-230
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) and its component groups on diabetes in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $200{\pm}10\;gm$ were randomly assigned to one normal, one control and five experimental groups. The experimental groups was classified into to Bojungikgitang(B1 group), Soeumin bojungikgitang(B2 group), Bogihyulyak(B0 group), Siho-sengma(B1+ group) and Gwakhyang- soyeup(B2+ group). Diabetes was experimentally induced by abdomenal injection of 100 mg/kg of body weight of alloxan. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day and 11th day of diabetic states. The results were obtained as follows: In carbohydrate metabolism, the level of glucose in control group was three-fold higher after alloxan injection than that of normal group. In B1, B2 groups the level of glucose was decreased by 39% and 43% compared with that of control group, and in component groups it was decreased by 73%, 81%, and 80% respectively. In fat metabolism, the level of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum were lower in B1 and B2 groups with high significant difference and had similar tendency in components groups compared with that of control group. The level of HDL cholesterol on serum were increased in B1 and B2 group with significant difference. And in component group it had similar tendency compared with that of control group. In protein metabolism, the level of total protein and albumin were higher in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component group also increased but with no significancy compared with control group. In kidney function, the level of creatinine group with significant difference, and other compared with control group. In liver function, the level of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP. ALP and bilirubin were lower in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component had similar tendency compared with control group. But in the level of LDH, it was decreased with no significancy. These results indicate that Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) has strong effect on diabetes and it is useful to prevent diabetes, and in component groups the difference between B1+ and B2+ group was not significant.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.687-699
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• 2005

In order to investigate the effect of dietary zinc and phytic acid levels on protein metabolism in rats, male rats of Sprague-Dawley strains weighing approximately $60\~74g$ were fed different diets which contained 0, 0.35 and $1.05\%$ phytic acid each at 3 levels of zinc(0, 30 and 1,500 ppm zinc) for 28 days. Result obtained in this experiment are summarized as follows; 1. Body weight gait food consumption food efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were lower in the rats fed zinc deficient diet(0 ppm zinc) than in those consuming 30 or 1,500 ppm dietary zinc, and the additional effect of phytic acid were not observed in all of then 2. Liver weight was lower in the rats fed 30 ppm zinc diet than in those fed 0 or 1,500 ppm-zinc diet but kidney and spleen weights were lower in the rats fed zinc deficient diet than in those fed 30 or 1,500 ppm-zinc diet Among organs measured only the liver appeared to be influenced by dietary phytic acid: the more the dietary phytic acid, the more the weight of liver, 3. Fecal nitrogen was decreased in the rats fed zinc deficient diet compared with those fed 30 or 1,500 ppm dietary zinc. Urinary nitrogen was increased in the rats fed $1.05\%$ dietary phytic acid compared with those fed 0.35 or $0\%$ dietary phytic acid Nitrogen retention of rat was influenced by neither dietary zinc nor phytic acid. 4. Urea nitrogen was decreased with increasing dietary zinc levels, and creatinine and uric acid levels were increased with increasing dietary zinc concentration or with additional quantity of phytic acid. Uric acid appeared to be influenced by zinc x phytic acid interaction; especially, the presence of phytic acid in the 30 ppm-zinc diet had significant effect on uric acid content. 5. Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit ratio were higher in the rats fed 30 ppm dietary zinc than in those fed 0 or 1,500 ppm-zinc diet Serum zinc concentration was increased with increasing dietary zinc levels. The content of total protein albumin and BUN and the ratio of albumin to globulin in serum, and protein content in liver were influenced by neither dietary zinc nor phytic acid.