• 제목/요약/키워드: kainate

검색결과 47건 처리시간 0.031초

Effects of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, a Glutamate Uptake Inhibitor, on NMDA Receptor-mediated Calcium Influx and Extracellular Glutamate Accumulation in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons

  • Oh, Seikwan;Shin, Chang-Sik;Patrick-P. McCaslin;Seong, Yeon-Hee;Kim, Hack-Seang
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.7-12
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    • 1997
  • Glutamate uptake inhibitor, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2, 4-dicarboxylate (PDC, $20{\mu}M$) elevated basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, $100{\mu}M$)-induced extracellular glutamate accumulation, while it did not augment kainate $100{\mu}M$-induced glutamate accumulation in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. However, pretreatment with PDC for 1 h significantly reduced NMDA-induced glutamate accumulation, but did not affect kainate-induced response. Pretreatment with glutamate $(5{\mu}M)$ for 1 h also reduced NMDA-induced glutamate accumulation, but did not kainate-induced response. Upon a brief application (3-10 min), PDC did neither induce elevation of intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ nor modulate NMDA-indLiced $[Ca^{2+}]_1$ elevation. Pretreatment with PDC for 1 h reduced NMDA-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_1$ elevation, but it did not reduce kainate-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_1$ elevation. These results suggest that glutamate concentration in synaptic clefts of neurana cells is increased by prolonged exposure (1 h) of the cells to PDC, and the accumulated glutamate subsequently induces selective desensitization of NMDA receptor.

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Expression of Kainate Glutamate Receptors in Type II Cells in Taste Buds of Rats

  • Lee, Sang-Bok;Lee, Cil-Han;Cho, Young-Kyung;Chung, Ki-Myung;Kim, Kyung-Nyun
    • International Journal of Oral Biology
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.83-89
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    • 2008
  • Glutamate-induced cobalt uptake reveals non-NMDA glutamate receptors (GluRs) in rat taste bud cells. Previous studies suggest that glutamate-induced cobalt uptake in taste cells occurs mainly via kainate type GluRs. Cobaltstained cells were immunoreactive against GluR6 and KA1 subunits of GluRs. However, the functions of those type of receptors are not known yet. It is important question which types of taste cells are cobalt-stained when stimulated by glutamate and whether they express these kinds of GluRs. Circumvallate and foliate papilla of Sprague-Dawley rats (45-60 days old) were used. A cobalt-staining technique combined with immunohistochemistry against specific markers for taste bud cell types, such as blood group H antigen (BGH), $\alpha$-gustducin (Gus), or neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was employed. We also performed double labeling of GluR6 or KA1 subunits of GluR with each specific marker for taste bud cell types. Lots of cobaltstained taste bud cells expressed Gus-like immunoreactivity, and subsets of the cobalt stained cells appeared NCAM- or BGH-like immunoreactivity. Stimulation with 1 mM glutamate significantly increased the number of cobaltstained cells in Gus-like immunoreactive cells, but not in NCAM- or BGH-like immunoreactive cells. In the double labeling experiments, GluR6 and KA1 subunits of GluRs were mainly expressed with Gus. These results suggest that kainate glutamate receptors preferentially expressed in type II taste bud cells in rat.

NMDA, quisqualate 및 kainate에 의하여 유발된 신경독성에 미치는 betaine의 효과

  • 박미정;김소라;김영중
    • 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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    • pp.239-239
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    • 1994
  • 신경쇠약의 치료로 상용하며, 빈혈의 치료와 예방의 효과가 있으며, 노화방지에 도움이 되어 민간약으로는 장수(長壽)약으로 꼽히고 있는 구기자가 글루타메이트에 의한 신경독성을 차단하며, 이러한 효과는 구기자의 성분 중 betaine에 의하여 나타난다. Betaine이 어떠한 작용 기전에 의하여 글루타메이트에 의한 신경독성을 차단하는 지를 밝히기 위하여 글루타메이트가 작용하는 각기 다른 수용체인 NHDA 및 non-NMDA 수용체에 어떻게 작용하는 지를 알아보았다. 각 수용체의 선택적인 효능제인 NMDA, kainate 및 quisqualate 각각을 사용하여 인위적으로 독성을 유도시킨 후 이에 대한 betaine의 작용을 알아 본 결과 betaine은 quisqualate에 의하여 유도된 신경독성에서 모두 유사한 정도의 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 효과는 betaine과 구조가 유사한 glycine의 다른 구조 유사체인 dimethylglycine이나 sarcosine과는 다른 작용양상을 나타내는 것이다. Dimethylglycine과 sarcosine은 kainate에 의한 독성에 대하여 미약한 효과를 나타냈으나, NMDA에 의한 독성에는 정상대조군의 LDH 값의 50% 이상에까지 이르게하는 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보아 이들이 NMDA에 의한 신경독성을 효과적으로 차단한다는 것을 암시해 준다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 betaine의 글루타메이트에 의한 신경독성을 차단하는 효과는 다른 glycine 구조 유사체처럼 glycine과 경쟁적으로 작용하여 나타나는 결과는 아니라고 여겨진다. 또한 글루타메이트에 의한 신경독성이 일어나는 기전 중의 하나가 calcium 이온의 세포내의 과도한 유입으로 인한 것으로 알려져 있으나 세포내의 calcium 이온의 양을 측정하여 본 결과 betaine은 글루타메이트로 인한 세포내 calcium 이온의 증가에 대하여 별다른 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 betaine의 글루타메이트에 의한 신경독성 차단 효과는 이미 미생물에서 보고된 바 있는 betaine의 세포내 삼투압에 대한 보호작용이나 항산화작용과 관련된 기전에 의하여 나타나는 것일 가능성이 높은 것으로 추측되어진다.

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[$Zn^{2+}$ Modulates the Responses of Rat Dorsal Horn Neuron to C-Fiber Stimulation and Excitatory Amino Acids

  • Ahn, Chang-Hoon;Shin, Hong-Kee;Kim, Jin-Hyuk
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제4권6호
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    • pp.455-461
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    • 2000
  • Zinc contained in the neurons of central nervous system is activity-dependently released and then attenuates NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-induced neurotoxicity while augmenting non-NMDA-induced neurodegeneration. Zinc also has been reported to produce antinociceptive action on the inflammation- and nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia in the behavioral test. In this study, we investigated the effects of zinc on the responses of dorsal horn cells to NMDA, kainate and graded electrical stimulation of C-fibers. In the majority of WDR cells (70.6%), zinc current-dependently inhibited WDR cell responses to NMDA and in the remaining cells, produced biphasic responses; excitation followed by inhibition. Zinc augmented the responses of WDR cells to iontophoretical application of kainate. The dominant effect of $Zn^{2+}$ on the responses of WDR cells to C-fiber stimulation was excitatory, but inhibition, excitation-inhibition and no change of the responses to C-fiber stimulation were induced. $Ca^{2+}-EDTA$ antagonized the excitatory or inhibitory effects of $Zn^{2+}$ on the WDR cell responses. These experimental findings suggest that $Zn^{2+}$ modulates the transmission of sensory information in the rat spinal cord.

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Calcium Modulates Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA)- and Substance P-induced Rat Dorsal Horn Cell Responses

  • Shin, Hong-Kee;Kang, Sok-Han;Chung, In-Duk;Kim, Kee-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.35-45
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    • 1999
  • Excitatory amino acid (EAA) and substance P (SP) have been known to be primary candidates for nociceptive neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, and calcium ions are implicated in processing of the sensory informations mediated by EAA and SP in the spinal cord. In this study, we examined how $Ca^{2+}$ modified the responses of dorsal horn neurons to single or combined iontophoretical application of EAA and SP in the rat. All the LT cells tested responded to kainate, whereas about 55% of low threshold (LT) cells responded to iontophoretically applied NMDA. NMDA and kainate excited almost all wide dynamic range (WDR) cells. These NMDA- and kainate-induced WDR cell responses were augmented by iontophoretically applied EGTA, but suppressed by $Ca^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},$ verapamil and ${\omega}-conotoxin$ EVTA, effect of verapamil being more prominent and well sustained. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ antagonized the augmenting effect of EGTA. On the other hand, prolonged spinal application of EGTA suppressed the response of WDR cell to NMDA. SP had triple effects on the spontaneous activity as well as NMDA-induced responses of WDR cells: excitation, inhibition and no change. EGTA augmented, but $Ca^{2+},\;Mn^{2+}$ and verapamil suppressed the increase in the NMDA-induced responses and spontaneous activities of WDR cells following iontophoretical application of SP. These results suggest that in the spinal cord, sensory informations mediated by single or combined action of EAA and SP can be modified by the change in calcium ion concentration.

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열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)이 kainic acid에 의해 유발된 mouse의 해마체 손상에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Yuldahansotang after kainate administration in the mouse hippocampus area)

  • 김일환;김경요
    • 사상체질의학회지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.283-299
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    • 1999
  • 1. 연구목적 kainic acid를 실험동물에 주입할 경우 간질발작을 일으키고 변연계 특히 해마체 부위에서 조직의 손상이 일어나게 되는데 이는 사람에 있어 측두엽성 간질에서 보이는 구조적 변화와 유사한 것이다. 본 실험은 신경독성 물질인 kainic acid로 마우스의 해마체에 손상을 유발하고 이 경우에 열다한소탕이 신경보호효과가 있는지의 여부를 알고자한 것이다. 2. 연구방법 kainic acid를 경구투여하고 열다한소탕을 3주일간 복용시키면서 각각 1, 2, 3일과 1주, 3주에 조직을 관찰하였다. 조직손상은 해마체의 CA1, CA3과 thalamus, amygdala 등에서 c-fos 와 DNA fragmentation의 출현 율로 지표를 삼았으며 광학현미경하에서 육안적 관찰을 병행하였다. 3. 결과 및 결론 kainic acid만을 투여한 대조 군에서는 실험 3주째에도 손상지표인 c-fos 와 DNA fragmentation이 발견되었으나 열다한소탕을 투여한 실험 군에서는 실험 약 3일 째부터 손상지표의 발현이 줄어 7일째에는 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 현미경 하의 육안적 관찰에서도 실험초기 많은 손상을 보였던 신경세포가 2주일 후 어느 정도 회복되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이로써 열다한소탕이 kainic acid로 유발된 실험동물의 해마체손상에 대하여 신경세포 보호 효과 및 손상 억제 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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뇌간 신경세포 배양에서 세로토닌 분비에 대한 N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid(NMDA) 및 Non-NMDA 수용체 효현제들의 작용 (Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)-and Non NMDA-Receptor Agonists on Serotonin Release from Cultured Neurons of Fetal Rat Brainstem)

  • 유순미;김율아;송동근;서홍원;김영희
    • 대한약리학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.141-144
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    • 1995
  • 뇌간의 세로트닌 신경계는 내재성 하행성 동통억제계(endogenous descending pain inhibitory system)에 있어서 중추적인 역할을 하고 있다. 뇌간의 세로토닌 신경세포에 대한 glutamate 수용체 중 N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-(NMDA-) 및 non-NMDA 수용체 효현제들의 작용을 알아보기 위하여, 쥐의 태자(태생 14일)로부터 뇌간을 분리하여 10일 동안 배양한 후 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)의 분비에 대한 각 glutamate 수용체 효현제들이 영향을 연구하였다. Glutamate를 $10\;{\mu}M$에서 $1000\;{\mu}M$까지 농도를 변화하여 30분 동안 배지에 가한 후, 배지내에 분비되는 세로토닌을 측정한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 세로토닌의 분비가 증가되었다. Glutamate 수용체 중에서 NMDA 수용체 효현제인 NMDA를 $10\;{\mu}M$에서 $1000\;{\mu}M$까지 농도를 변화하여 30분 동안 배지에 가한 후, 배지내에 분비되는 세로토닌을 측정한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 세로토닌의 분비가 증가되었다. Non-NMDA 수용체 효현제인 kainate 및 AMPA를 $3\;{\mu}M$에서 $300\;{\mu}M$까지 농도를 변화하여 배지에 처리한 결과, 각 효현제에 의해 농도 의존적으로 세로토닌의 분비가 증가됨을 관찰하였다. 이상의 연구결과, 쥐의 태자(태생 14일)로부터 분리하여 10일동안 배양한 뇌간의 세로토닌 신경세포에 있어서 glutamate, NMDA, kainate 및 AMPA 모두 5-HT의 분비를 자극함으로써, NMDA- 및 non-NMDA 수용체 모두 5-HT의 분비에 관여하고 있음을 나타낸다.

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Inhibitory Effect of Fangchinoline on Excitatory Amino Acids. Induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells

  • Kim, Su-Don;Oh, Sei-Kwan;Kim, Hack-Seang;Seong, Yeon-Hee
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.164-170
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    • 2001
  • Glutamate receptors-mediated excitoxicity is believed to play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of fanschinoline, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, which has a characteristic as a $Ca^{2+}$channel blockers on excitatory amino acids (EAAS)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cerebellar granule neuron. Fangchinoline (1 and 5$\mu\textrm{m}$) inhibited glutamate (1 ${m}M$), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 1 ${m}M$) and kainate (100$\mu\textrm{m}$)-induced neuronal cell death which was measured by trypan blue exclusion test. Fangchinoline (1 and 5$\mu\textrm{m}$) inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by NMDA (1 ${m}M$) and kainate (100$\mu\textrm{m}$), which was measured by HPLC. And fangchinoline (5$\mu\textrm{m}$) inhibited glutamate (1 ${m}M$)-induced elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. These results suggest that inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$influx by fangchinoline may contribute to the beneficial effects on neurodegenerative effect of glutamate in pathophysiological conditions.

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백서의 배양 골아세포와 파골세포에 대한 산화적 손상과 Glutamate 수용체 길항제의 영향 (Effect of Oxidative Stress and Glutamate Receptor Antagonist on Cultured Rat Osteoblast and Osteoclast)

  • 박승택;전승호;이병찬
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.996-1001
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    • 2003
  • It is well known that oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species(ROS) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of bone disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress. Cell viability by MTS assay or INT assay, activity of glutathione peroxidase(GPx), lipid peroxidation(LPO) activity and cell viablity. And also protctive effect of glutamate receptors against ROS-induced osteotoxicity was examined by protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cultured rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts. XO/HX decreased cell viability and GPx activity, protein synthesis and ALP activity, but increased LPO activity and LDH activity. In the protective effect, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists or AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists such as D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), 7-chlorokynurenic acid (CKA), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), NMDA receptor antagonists but AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists showed protective effect on xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) in these cultures by the increse of protein synthesis, ALP activity.