• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.594-601
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• 2015

In the present study, the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, the antioxidant activities, and cytotoxic effects of the ethanol extracts from different parts of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai were investigated for their use as functional foods. The extract yields of the flower, leaf, and root were $32.15{\pm}3.21%$, $31.63{\pm}0.63%$, and $27.48{\pm}2.47%$, respectively. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the flower extract were $61.29{\pm}2.11mg/g$ and $46.11{\pm}1.88mg/g$, respectively, which were much higher than those of any other plant parts. The antioxidant activities of the flower, leaf, and root extracts were $89.99{\pm}2.83%$, $85.29{\pm}2.22%$, and $37.88{\pm}2.34%$, respectively, at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Cell cytotoxicity effects of AGS (human gastric carcinoma), HCT116 (human colon carcinoma), and A549 (human pulmonary carcinoma) cells were the highest in the flower extract, with values of $62.85{\pm}4.63%$, $69.89{\pm}3.44%$, and $85.72{\pm}4.17%$, respectively, at a concentration of 400 mg/kg. Both the antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effects of the ethanol extracts from all the parts of the T. coreanum Nakai increased dose-dependently. These results provide preliminary data for the development of T. coreanum Nakai as an edible functional food material.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.304-312
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to assess the sedative effects of four kinds of medication for management in the uncooperative 64 children aged from 18 to 92 months(ASA class I) and weighting between 10 and 32 kg. They were given randomly a dose of chloral hydrate 75mg/kg and hydroxyzine 25mg orally(group 1), midazolam 0.1mg/kg intramuscularly and $N_2O$(group 2), group 1 with additional $N_2O$(group 3) and group 1 with additional midazolam 0.5cc intranasally(group 4), respectively. According to rating scale, sleep, crying, movement and overall behavior were checked for evaluation of the clinical sedative effects. They were restraind with Pediwrap and were monitored by pulse oximeter for safety during treatment period. The results were as follows : 1. In the evaluation of sleep, rating scale of chloral hydrate and hydroyzine combination group was superior to midazolam and $N_2O$ combination group(p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and $N_2O$ combination group and chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and midazolam combination group. 2. In the evaluation of crying, movement and overall behavior, there were significant differences between chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine combination group and midazolam and $N_2O$ combination group(p<0.05), but no significant difference between chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and $N_2O$ combination group and chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and midazolam combination group. 3. In the evaluation of overall behavior, the mean score of chloral hydrate and hydroyzine combination group was 2.94, midazolam and $N_2O$ combination group 2.07, chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and $N_2O$ combination group 2.47 and chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine and midazolam combination group 2.24, respectively. 4. Evidence of adverse effect was not detected or reported during and/or after dental treatment.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy and feasibility of adaptive radiotherapy according to tumor volume change (TVC) in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Twenty-two lesions previously treated with SBRT were selected. SBRT was usually performed with a total dose of 48 Gy or 60 Gy in four fractions with an interval of three to four days between treatments. For evaluation of TVC, gross tumor volume (GTV) was contoured on each cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image used for image guidance. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning was performed in the first CBCT (CBCT1) using a baseline plan. For ART planning (ART), re-optimization was performed at $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ CBCTs (CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4) using the same angle and constraint used for the baseline plan. The ART plan was compared with the non-ART plan, which generated copying of the baseline plan to other CBCTs. Average GTV volume was 10.7 cc. Average TVC was -1.5%, 7.3%, and -25.1% in CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4 and the TVC after CBCT3 was significant (p<0.05). However, the nine lesions were increased GTV in CBCT2. In the ART plan, $V_{20\;Gy}$, $D_{1500\;cc}$, and $D_{1000\;cc}$ of lung were significantly decreased (p<0.05), and $V_{30\;Gy}$ and $V_{32\;Gy}$ of the chest wall were also decreased (p<0.05). While D min of planning target volume (PTV) decreased by 8.3% in the non-ART plan of CBCT2 compared with the baseline plan in lesions with increased tumor size (p=0.021), PTV coverage was not compromised in the ART plan. Based on this result, use of the ART plan may improve target coverage and OAR saving. Thus ART using CBCT should be considered in early stage NSCLC with SBRT.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.913-922
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• 1995

Background: When we define the pressure of pulmonary vasculature in which a recruitment of blood flow occurs as $P_I$ and the proportion of change in pulmonary artery to that in cardiac output as IR and then we compare PI and IR with pulmonary vascular resistance, we would find some problems in pulmonary vascular resistance. In other words, it is the theory that, IR should be increased mainly in pulmonary embolism in which decreases the cross sectional area of pulmonary vasculature. But there are many contradictory reports resulted from various researches and the fact is known widely that any difference exists between PVR and PI, IR. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to observe how PI and IR change at the time of the outbreak and during treatment of the pulmonary embolism, and to find out the meaning of these new indicators and the difference from the pulmonary vascular resistance used generally when we subdivide the pulmonary vascular resistance into PI and IR. Method: After making AV fistula in experimental dog, we controlled cardiac output at the intervals of 15 minute in case of three kinds(all AV fistula are obstructed, only one of fistula is open and all of fistula is open), and after evoking massive pulmonary embolism with radioactive autologous blood clots, we measured the mean pulmonary artery pressure, and calculated PI and IR. We observed the pattern of change in PI and IR, without giving the control group any specific treatment and with injecting intravenously rtPA in the Group 1 and Group 2 at the dose of 1mg per kg, for 15 minutes fot the former and 3 hours for the latter. Result: 1) Pulmonary vascular resistance showed a change similar to that of pulmonary artery pressure and in all three group, PVR increased significantly, but group 1 and group 2 showed tendency that PVR keeps on decreasing after treatment, and the rate of decrease in group 1 is more rapid than group 2 significantly. 2) Both intersection(PI) and degree(IR) are proved statistically significant, in view of the straight line relationship between cardiac output and pulmonary artery pressure, calculated by minimal regression method. 3) PI changed similarly to pulmonary vascular resistance, while in the IR which is theoretically more similar to PVR, there was no significant difference or change after rtPA infusion. Conclusion: In the pulmonary embolism, Both change in IR which means real resistance of pulmonary vasculature and PI which was developed due to secondary vasoconstriction by pulmonary embolism are reflected same time.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.416-426
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• 2005

Intravenous sedation have many advantages of rapid onset and recovery, ability of control sedation levels and duration through titration. Midazolam is most commonly used intravenous medication for sedation in pediatrics, endoscopy, oncologic procedures and so on. But in dentistry, midazolam intravenous sedation is usually for adult, and there are few reports for children. Todays, children who need sedation become more and older, intravenous sedation technique is going a matter of concern in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of sedation and clinical success for different initial dosage of midazolam in intravenous sedation for pediatric dental patients. 16 healthy children (male 10, female 6), mean age $54.7{\pm}10.7$ months, who needed at least two separate treatment visits requiring local anesthesia were chosen for this study. Every children were taken 0.3mg/kg, maximum 5mg of midazolam by intramuscular route, and then 30~50% $N_2O-O_2$ for 10 minutes was given. On every visits, one of the following 2 different initial dosage was given by intravenous route : (1) Group I : 0.1mg/kg Midazolam (2) Group II : 0.2mg/kg Midazolam. Additional dosage was half of the first dose. Physiologic parameters (oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure) was recorded by ten procedure steps. Behavior was videotaped and rated using Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale and Automated Counting System by one investigator, blind to administered dosage. After the treatment, operator evaluated the clinical success. Physiologic parameters were stable and within normal range during treatment in both groups. The analyzed sedative effect, in behavioral evaluation, ratio of favorable Quiet was higher in group II, and clinical success rate of group II was better than group I. Induction time was rapid in group II, and recovery time was rapid in group I. And there was no statistically difference between two groups in every results.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2008

Objective: To reduce urinary side effects in prostate cancer patients receiving radiation, patients were asked to drink certain amount of water to maintain bladder volume constant and the bladder volumes were measured weekly using ultrasound scanner. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients with prostate cancer who received radiation between December 2002 and August 2007 were enrolled in this study. Thirteen patients were enrolled in experimental group. These patients were asked to drink 450 cc of water, one hour prior to simulation, CT scan, and treatment. The other thirteen patients were given no information about bladder filing. Bladder, prostate, and rectum were contoured on CT and volumes were calculated. 3D conformal treatment planning was performed and effective volumes of bladder were calculated when a prescription dose of 70.2 Gy was delivered. For the patients in experimental group, bladder volumes were measured weekly using ultrasound scanner for 6-8 weeks and the bladder volume variations were analyzed. Results: Average bladder volumes and standard deviations obtained at CT scanning were $283.5{\pm}114.0\;cc$ (40%) and $181.2{\pm}120.1\;cc$ (66%) in experimental and control groups, respectively. Although it was not statistically significant, there was correlation between the bladder volumes measured from CT and ultrasound. The volumes measured using ultrasound scanner were 62% lower than the volumes using CT images on average. There was significant variations in volumes measured weekly for 6-8 weeks. It ranged between 33 - 75 %. Conclusion: Our results showed that it is possible to obtain larger bladder volume if they are asked to drink certain amount of water prior to CT scan. However, patients were unable to maintain constant bladder volumes over the 6-8 weeks of treatment period although they were asked to drink constant amount of water.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.994-1002
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and whitening effects of Zizania latifolia ethanol extracts prepared from 5 different ethanol concentrations (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90%). As the ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent was increased, the radical scavenging activities also increased. The inhibitory activity of Z. latifolia ethanol extracts on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells tended to increase as the content of ethanol increased. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained with 70% ethanol extract. The antiallergy effects of Z. latifolia ethanol extracts were tested by measuring the release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. The suppressive effect of Z. latifolia ethanol extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner as the proportion of ethanol increased, except for the 10% ethanol extract. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of Z. latifolia ethanol extracts against melanin production in ${\alpha}-melanocyte$ stimulated hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16F0 cells increased as the ethanol ratio increased, and 70 and 90% ethanol extracts showed similar inhibitory activities to arbutin, a positive control, at $250{\mu}m$. The present study confirmed the efficacy of Z. latifolia ethanol extracts in various areas, demonstrating antioxidative, anti-inflammation, antiallergy, skin protective, and skin whitening effects, with no cytotoxicity. It could be used as a raw material in functional foods, as well as in cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.697-704
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• 2013

The inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts from Curdrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) on osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and a monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis rat model. To identify the effects of CTL 80% ethanol extracts (CTL80) and CTL 10% ethanol extracts (CTL10) against $H_2O_2$ treatment in vitro, cell survival was measured by the MTT assay. Cell survival after $H_2O_2$ treatment increased with CTL80 and CTL10 close to normal up to $300{\mu}g/mL\;H_2O_2$. The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was determined MMP-7 and MMP-13 (known catabolic factors), were significantly inhibited by CTL 80 and CTL10; a $200{\mu}g/mL$ dose of CTL80 especially decreased MMP-13 expression. In vivo, osteoarthritis was induced by an intra-articular injection of MIA into the knee joints of rats, then CTL80 and CTL10 orally administered daily for 35 days. After the animals were sacrificed, histological evaluations of their knee joints revealed a reduction in polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and smooth synovial lining in the CTL80-500 group. Micro-CT analysis of hind paws from CTL80-500 and CTL10 showed a protection against osteophyte formation, soft tissue swelling, and bone resorption. In conclusion, CTL ethanol extracts are effective in ameliorating joint destruction and cartilage erosion in MIA-induced rats. CTL decreases and normalizes articular cartilage through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury, and could potentially serve as a therapeutic treatment for humans.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 2004

Radioprotective effects of ginseng extracts on liver damage induced by high energy x-ray were studied. To one group of ICR male mice were given white(50 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) before irrdiation. To another group were irradiated by 5 Gy dose of high energy x-ray. Contrast group were given with saline(0.1 ml). This study also investigated the radioprotective effect between SOD, CAT, hydrogen peroxide and ginseng extracts on hepatic damage. This study measured the level of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) in liver tissue. Administrating orally white (50 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day), the activity of SOD, CAT were generally increased and the hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) was decreased. After irradiation, the activity of SOD, CAT were generally decreased and the hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) was increased. Therefore, ginseng extracts increased antioxidative enzyme activity. And We know that the antioxidatant effect of extracts from white and fermenta ginseng protect radiation damage by direct antioxidant effect involving SOD, CAT. It was included that ginseng can protect against radiation damage through its antioxidatant properties.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2005

Purpose: This retrospective study was conduced to analyze the treatment results and to evaluate the prognostic factors affecting the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Materials and Methods: From 1987 to 2002, we analyzed 43 patients who had nasopharyngeal carcinomas that were histologically confirmed and who had also completed the planned radiation therapy course at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center According to the 6th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, 12 patients ($27.9\%$) were at Stage 11, 13 ($30.2\%$) were at Stage III and 18 ($41.9\%$) were at Stage IV Histopathologically, there were 15 ($34.9\%$) squamous cell carcinomas, 8 ($18.5\%$) nonkeratinizing carcinomas, 17 ($39.5\%$) undifferentiated carcinomas, and 3 ($7.0\%$) lymphoepitheliomas. Among the total 43 patients, 31 patients ($72.1\%$) were treated with only radiation therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was peformed on 7 patients ($16.3\%$) and concurrent chemoradiotherapy was performed on S patients ($11.6\%$). Cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil were administered to 11 patients for 4 cycles, and Cisplatin and Taxotere were administered to 1 patient for 6 cycles. The range of the total radiation dose delivered to the primary tumor was from 61.2 to 84 Gy (median 70.4 Gy), The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 197 months with median follow-up of 84 months. Results: The local control rate at 6 months after radiation therapy was $90.7\%$. The five year overall survival and disease free survival rates were $50.7\%$ and $48.9\%$, respectively. On the multivariate analysis, the age, T-stage ($T_{1-3}\;vs\;T_4$), N-stage and AJCC stage were the statistically significant prognostic factors affecting survival (p<0.05). The patterns of failure were as follows: local failure only in 3 patients ($7.0\%$), local and systemic failure in 1 patient ($2.3\%$), and distant metastasis only in 11 patients ($25.6\%$). Conclusion: The prognostic factors affecting the outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were age, T-stage (7$T_{1-3}\;vs\;T_4$), N-stage and stage. Because systemic metastasis was the main failure pattern noted for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, systemic chemotherapy is needed to decrease the rate of distant metastasis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In audition, research for more effective chemotherapeutical regimens and schedules is also needed.