• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.50-58
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• 2004

Valy-Tyrosine (VY) derived from alkaline pretense hydrolyzate of sardine muscles showed the in vitro Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and the in vivo antihypertensive effect in SHR. We investigated the antihypertensive effect of the VY on mild hypertensive subjects including subjects with high-normal blood pressure using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. (1) Nineteen subjects (Age 48.9${\pm}$4.3, M/F;18/1) took a 100ml drink either containing 125${\mu}$g of VY or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks. The reductions of the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed in mild hypertensive subjects (n=5) with averages of 17.8${\pm}$2.5 mmHg (p<0.01 vs placebo) and 11.0${\pm}$2.0 mmHg(p<0.05 vs placebo), respectively. Neither SBP nor DBP changed in the subjects of both the placebo group and the high-normal blood pressure group. (2) A randomized double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study was carried out in 10 mild essential hypertensive subjects (Age 50.6${\pm}$4.6, M/F;10/0). They took a 100ml drink either containing 62.5${\mu}$g of VY or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks alternatively with a 6-week interval. The percent changes in SBP and DBP were -6.9 % and -5.8 % (p<0.05) one week after the VY drink administration, respectively. No adverse effects such as coughing or allergic phenomena could be observed in any of the subjects of drinking VY during the experimental period. These results suggest that the drink containing at least 125${\mu}$g/day of VY may have a significant antihypertensive effect on mild hypertensive subjects without any adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

The slow degradation rate of sludge in anaerobic digestion is due to rate-limiting step of sludge hydrolysis. To upgrading of sludge hydrolysis and biodegradabiliry, the pre-treatment had been carried out using acidlc (pH 1.5, 3, 4, 5) and alkaline (pH 9, 10, 13), thermal (50, 100, 150, $200^{\circ}C$), and ultrasonic treatment (400W, 20kHz, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90min). In the best conditions of each treatment, the Soluble SCOD Ratio(%)of treated/untreated sample were increased 102% in acid (pH5), 986% in alkali (pH 13), 595% in thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) and 1123% in ultrasonic (35min) treatment. As the result, the ultrasonic treatment was most effective, followed by alkali, thermal, acid treatment. In the effects of total gas productivity in vial test, the thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) pre-treatment was the highest, followed by thermal ($150^{\circ}C$), ultrasonic (90min), alkaline (pH 9), and ultrasonic (50min). We compared untreated samples and the most efficient pre-treatment samples(at $200^{\circ}C$, for 30min) on gas productivity with changes of HRT in continuous experiments IN thermal treated samples were 2.5 times in SCOD, 2 times in soluble protein and 3.3 times high in soluble carbohydrate than untreated ones. In gas productivity, the thermal treated samples were average 2 times high than untreated ones. And HRT 7 days was most effective. followed by HRT 10, HRT 15 days. But The gas productiviry of HRT 2.5 days was less than untreated, the reason of low gas productivity was come from high organic acids accumulation within reactor.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to study of utilization of dental high school and according to the pain experienced dental fear and anxiety. This survey was conducted on 370 high school students in Suwon from November 21 to 23, 2011. A total of 352 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The collected data was analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 15.0 using frequency, mean and standard deviation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's test correlation analysis and Stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results state that students feel fear and anxiety were feeling anesthetic needle ($3.19{\pm}1.43$), seeing anesthetic needle ($3.14{\pm}1.44$). We found that students feel more rear and anxiety from caries treatment than scaling. It influence that having dental fear with past dental pain experienced during dental treatment and also hearing dental treatment of pain from their family and friends. We found out that there are some influencing factors on dental fear and anxiety, gender, oral health condition, smoking, pain experienced during dental treatment. We need to care dental fear and anxiety continuously and have prevention program. We have to try understanding students have dental fear and anxiety. So it's better they have good experience visiting dental clinic. We should develop the system and specially treat well while they have dental treatment with anesthesia and some sharp instruments.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1982

The Wolak tungsten-molybdenum deposits are tungsten-molybdenum bearing quartz veins which filled the fractures in Pre-Cambrian pebble-bearing calcareous hornfels, hornfels and Cretaceous granite. There are two vein groups in this mine, Dongsan vein group in the west and Kwangcheon vein group in the east. The ore minerals are wolframite, scheelite, molybdenite, native bismuth, bismuthinite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, stannite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, marcasite, Pb-Bi sulfosalt and ilmenite. Quartz, calcite, beryl, fluorite, muscovite, rhodochrosite and siderite are gangue minerals. Fluid inclusion studies were carried out for the quartz, beryl, scheelite, early and late fluorite. Fluid inclusion studies reveal that liquid-gas inclusions are most common and occur in all of the minerals examined. Filling degree of the inclusions in the late fluorite is much higher than that of the inclusions in quartz and early fluorite. Liquid $CO_2$ bearing liquid-gas inclusions occur in quartz and early fluorite. Liquid, gas and solid phase inclusions occur in quartz, beryl and scheelite. Salinities of inclusions in quartz and beryl from Dongsan vein group range from 3.9 to 8.0, from 5.3 to 7.7 wt.% NaCl equivalent respectively. Salinities in the late fluorite range from 1.5 to 3.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent. In Kwangcheon vein group salinities range from 3.9 to 9.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent in quartz, from 2.8 to 7.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent in early fluorite, from 1.3 to 1.5 wt.% NaCl equivalent in late fluorite. Homogenization temperatures of inclusions range from $239^{\circ}$ to higher than $360^{\circ}C$ in quartz, over $360^{\circ}C$ in scheelite, from $288^{\circ}C$ to higher than $360^{\circ}C$ in beryl, and from $159^{\circ}$ to $202^{\circ}C$ in late fluorite of the Dongsan vein group. In Kwangcheon vein group, homo genization temperatures of inclusions range from $240^{\circ}C$ to higher than $360^{\circ}C$ in quartz and from $240^{\circ}$ to $328^{\circ}C$ in early fluorite. As a whole, in Dongsan and Kwangcheon vein groups it seems that there are no distinct differences in mineralogy, salinities and homogenization temperatures. No distinct variations in homogenization temperatures are revealed through about 300 m vertically in both district. The faint trend of increase in salinities in the lower level can be detected. The salinity, $CO_2$ content and the temperature of ore fluid were much higher in the early vein stage and then dropped off in the late stage of mineralization as represented by the quartz and fluorite inclusion data.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2001

Purpose : The objectives of this study are to investigate the significance of apoptotic death compared to total cell death after $\gamma-ray$ irradiation in human H&N cancer cell lines and to find out correlation between apoptosis and radiation sensitivity. Materials and method : Head and neck cancer cell lines (PCI-1, PCI-13, and SNU-1066), leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM), and fibroblast cell line (LM217) as a normal control were used for this study. Cells were irradiated using Cs-137 animal experiment irradiator. Total cell death was measured by clonogenic assay. Annexin-V staining was used to detect the fraction of apoptotic death. Results : Surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) were 0.741, 0.544, 0.313, 0.302, and 0.100 for PCI-1, PCI-13, SNU-1066, CCRF-CEM, and LM217 cell lines, respectively. Apoptosis was detected in all cell lines. Apoptotic index reached peak value at 72 hours after irradiation in head and neck cancer cell lines, and that was at 24 hours in CCRF-CEM and LM217. Total cell death increased exponentially with increasing radiation dose from 0 Gy to 8 Gy, but the change was minimal in apoptotic index. Apoptotic fractions at 2 Gy were $46\%,\;48\%,\;46\%,\;24\%,\;and\;19\%$ and at 6 Gy were $20\%,\;33\%,\;35\%,\;17\%,\;and\;20\%$ for PCI-1, PCI-13, SNU-1066, CCRF-CEM, and LM217, respectively. The radioresistant cell lines showed more higher apoptotic fraction at 2 Gy, but there was not such correlation at 6 Gy. Conclusion : All cell lines used in this study showed apoptosis after irradiation, but time course of apoptosis was different from that of leukemia cell line and normal fibroblast cell line. Reproductive cell death was more important mode of cell death than apoptotic death in all cell lines used in this study. But there was correlation between apoptotic fraction and radiation sensitivity at 2 Gy.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2004

This work was carried out to investigate the effects of rice hull continuously utilized and/or replenished on the composting properties and to obtain the fundamental data between an unsupported wall and a soil supported wall during the period of composting with pig slurry in winter season. There were no the temperature holding effects in soil supported wall. New compost facility design for the temperature holding effects from a soil supported wall was required. The results were as follows; 1. Composting 1㎥ of pig slurry caused to save on 0.31㎥ of bulking agent in the unsupported wall in comparison with a soil supported wall in the rice hull single addition, and 0.45㎥ in the rice hull gradual addition. 2. The pile in the rice hull single addition had a high temperature in 4 days of composting indicating $71^{\circ}C$ and had a tendency in repeating periodically between $40^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$ till 43 days of composting. And also the temperature of the pile was maintained between $48^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$ after 50 days of composting. The pile of a rice hull gradual addition had the lower point of the temperature high increasingly according to adding up rice hull during the 35 days of composting. 3. The pH recorded in the rice hull single addition was higher(8.35∼10.02) compared to the rice hull gradual addition(8.6∼9.8). The pile of a rice hull single addition had a tendency in abruptly decreasing pH of the unsupported wall during the period of between 0.363$\textrm m^3$ and 0.537$\textrm m^3$ as a unit of pig slurry per rice hull. EC depending upon the way in adding rice hull was changed between 1.10 mS/$\textrm {cm}^3$ and 1.87 mS/$\textrm {cm}^3$. 4. The organic matter in an unsupported wall of the hull single addition was maintained the level of 55% during the period between 0.119㎥ and 0.363㎥ as a unit of pig slurry per rice hull while in the soil supported wall between 48 and 70. Water soluble C:N ratio was maintained between 1 and 2 in the rice hull single addition, while between 1 and 3 in the rice hull gradual addition. 5. Fertilizer constituents were detected higher level in the unsupported wall than in the soil supported wall in all treatments. This was dependant upon the input of pig slurry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze distribution situation of alien plants and to propose management plan in the 3 Folk village in Gyeongsangbuk-do which is Cultural property designated by the State; Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae. This research is for improve of sincerity of historical site and provide basic information which use about administration of preservation. The results are as follows. 1. Overall flora and alien plants appearance The total flora in the 3 folk villages were listed total 752 taxa including 127 families, 430 genera, 614 species, 5 subspecies, 100 varieties and 33 forms. Among them, woody plants take 263 taxa(35.0%) and herbaceous plants take 489 taxa (65.0%). Flora in the Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae village were total 534, 479 taxa and 408 taxa and exotic plant index was 30.1%, 38.2% and 37.0% respectively. In types of exotic plants, ornamental exotic plants were 135 taxa, deciduous exotic plants were 21 taxa, cultivating exotic plants were 64 taxa, and naturalized exotic plants were 80 taxa and those result lead that the ornamental exotic plants is the highest ratio. According to the villages, Hahoe village had 161 taxa(30.1%), Yangdong Village had 183 taxa(38.2%), and Hangae village had 151 taxa(37.0%) that Yangdong village showed the most number of exotic plants. 2. Planting of landscape exotic plants in the unit cultural assets Meanwhile, Ornamental exotic plants in old house's gardens in Andong Hahoe village which is designated as a unit assets, those are total 30 taxa; followed by the Okyeon house(8 taxa) is highest and the Yangjindang(7), the Hadong house(6) and the Chunghyodang(5). Magnolia denudata appears the most as for 4 times and Campsis grandiflora etc. each took 2 times. Based on the Yangdong village, Gyeongju, that are found total 51 taxa; followed by the Dugok house(16 taxa) the Sujoldang(14), the Mucheondang(13), and the Sangchunheon (12). High appearance rate of ornamental exotic plants were Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Lycoris squamigera, Caragagna sinica and Magnolia denudata etc. Based on the Hangae village, Seongju, that are designated total 62 taxa; followed by the Jinsa house(35 taxa), the Gyori house(25), the Hanju head family house(20), and the Hahoe house(16). Taxa with high appearance rates were Caragana sinica, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Magnolia denudata, Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Chaenomeles speciosa etc. 3. Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the folk villages Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the Hahoe village are as follows. In lower of the Mansongjeong forest, Ambrosia artemisifolia, which are ecosystem disturbance plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, live with high dominance value. This should be have a remove with Sicyos angulatus immediately. In the Nakdong river bed around the Mansongjeong forest is covered with a riparian vegetation forest belt of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest, Populus nigra var. italic community, and Populus x tomentiglandulosa community colony. Based on the Yangdong village, the planted or naturally distributed Ailanthus altissima colony, sporadically distributed Robinia pseudoacacia as well as Amorpha fruticosa are detected all over the village and ecotones. Based on the Hangae village, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia are sporadically distributed around the village and there is a sign of spreading. similarity of exotic plantsis 47.0% to 48.6% and a reason why this happened is all of research site in Gyeongsanbuk-do and that is why growth norm of plant is similar, exotic plant which is sales for ornamental and it infer to require related countermeasure of each villages and joint related countermeasure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 1972

Oxidative changes in the rice lipids under accelerated condition were studied by measuring the changes in weight gain, total carbonyl compound, malonaldehyde, and fatty acid composition. Rice lipids were prepared by extraction with either n-hexane or ethanol from polished rice grain and purified by Folch's method. The lipid preparations were either incubated in dark at $40^{\circ}C$ or irradiated with ultra-violet light for a period of 55 days. Weight gain by oxygen absorbed sharply increased within 3 days in the rice lipids under UV light irradiation. However, with the rice lipids at $40^{\circ}C$ incubation a moderate increase in weight was observed only after 45 days storage. Their induction periods were one day (hexane extracted, under UV light), 2 days (ethanol extracted, under UV light), 30 days (hexane extracted, at $40^{\circ}C$), and 40 days (ethanol extracted, at $40^{\circ}C$) respectively. Oxidative rancid odor appeared at the end of the induction period. Total carbonyl compound and malonaldehyde markedly increased within 7 days, and decreased in the rice lipids under ultra violet light irradiation, while at $40^{\circ}C$ incubation they were continued to increase slowly through out the storage. The hexane extracted lipid were less stable than ethanol extracted lipid on the basis of oxygen absorption, malonaldehyde and other carbonyl compound formation. With the hexane extracted lipid during 55 days incubation at $40^{\circ}C$, the contents of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased, while the oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids increased.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.174-190
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• 1986

A series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to find out the possibility of tissue culture and cell culture methods as a tool to study herbicidal behaviour and herbicide tolerance screening from 1985 to 1986 at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station. For dehulled-rice culture, pure agar medium was the most appropriate in rice growth campared to other media used for plant tissue culture method. All the media but the pure agar medium resulted in growth retardance by approximately 50% and this effect was more pronounced to root growth than shoot growth. Herbicidal phytotoxicity was enhanced under light condition for butachlor, 2.4-D, and propanil while this effect was reversed for DPX F-5384 and CGA 142464, respectively. And also, herbicides of butachlor, chlornitrofen, oxadiazon, and BAS-514 resulted in more phytotoxic effect when shoot and root of rice were exposed to herbicide than root exposure only while other used herbicides exhibited no significant difference between two exposure regimes. Similar response was obtained from Echinochloa crusgalli even though the degree of growth retardance was much greater. Particularly, butachlor, 2.4-D, chlornitrofen, oxadiaxon, pyrazolate and BAS-514 totally inhibited chlorophyll biosynthesis even at the single contact of root. Apparent cultivar differences to herbicide were observed at the young seedling culture method and dehulled rice cultivars were more tolerant in DPX F-5384, NC-311, pyrazolate and pyrazoxyfen, respectively. For derant than other types or rice cultivar in butachlor, pretilachlor, perfluidone and oxadiazon while Tongil-type rice cultivars were more tolerant in DPXF-5384, NC-311, Pyrazolate and Pyrazoxyfen, respectively. For dehulled rice culture, on the other hand, Japonica-type rice cultivar was less tolerant to herbicides of butachlor, propanil, chlornitrofen and oxadiazon that was reversed trend to young seedling culture test. Cultivar differences were also exhibited within same cultivar type. In general, relatively higher tolerant cultivars were Milyang 42, Cheongcheongbyeo, Samgangbyeo, Chilseoungbyeo for Tongil-type, Somjinbyeo for Japonica-type and IR50 for Indica-type, respectively. The response of callus growth showed similar to dehulled rice culture method in all herbicides regardless of property variables. However, concentration response was much sensitive in callus response. The concentration ranges of $10^{-9}M-10^(-8)M$ were appropriate to distinguish the difference between herbicides for E. crusgalli callus growth. Among used herbicides, BAS-514 was the most effective to E. crusgalli callus growth. Based on the above results, tissue culture method could be successfully used as a tool for studying herbicidal behaviour and tolerance screening to herbicide.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.380-387
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• 1998

Background: Minimal pressure support(PSmin) is a level of pressure support which offset the imposed work of breathing(WOBimp) developed by endotracheal tube and ventilator circuits in pressure support ventilation While the lower applied level of pressure support compared to PSmin could induce respiratory muscle fatigue, the higher level than PSmin could keep respiratory muscle rest resulting in prolongation of weaning period during weaning from mechanical ventilation PSmin has been usually applied in the level of 5~10 cm$H_2O$, but the accurate level of PSmin is difficult to be determinated in individual cases. PSmin is known to be calculated by using the equation of "PSmin = peak inspiratory flow rate during spontaneus ventilation$\times$total ventilatory system resistance", but correlation of calculated PSmin and measured PSmin has not been known. The objects of this study were firstly to assess whether customarily applied pressure support level of 5~10 cm$H_2O$ would be appropriate to offset the imposed work of breathing among the patients under weaning process, and secondly to estimate the correlation between the measured PSmin and calculated PSmin. Method : 1) Measurement of PSmin : Intratracheal pressure changes were measured through Hi-Lo jet tracheal tube (8mm in diameter, Mallinckroft, USA) by using pulmonary monitor(CP-100 pulmonary monitor, Bicore, USA), and then pressure support level of mechanical ventilator were increased until WOBimp was reached to 0.01 J/L or less. Measured PSmin was defined as the lowest pressure to make WOBimp 0.01 J/L or less. 2) Calculation of PSmin : Peak airway pressure(Ppeak), plateau airway pressure(Pplat) and mean inspiratory flow rate of the subjects were measured on volume control mode of mechanical ventilation after sedation. Spontaneous peak inspiratory flow rates were measured on CPAP mode(O cm$H_2O$). Thereafter PSmin was calculated by using the equation "PSmin = peak inspiratory flow rate$\times$R, R = (Ppeak-Pplat)/mean inspiratory flow rate during volume control mode on mechanical ventilation". Results: Sixteen patients who were considered as the candidate for weaning from mechanical ventilation were included in the study. Mean age was 64(${\pm}14$) years, and the mean of total ventilation times was 9(${\pm}4$) days. All patients except one were males. The measured PSmin of the subjects ranged 4.0~12.5cm$H_2O$ in 14 patients. The mean level of PSmin was 7.6(${\pm}2.5\;cmH_2O$) in measured PSmin, 8.6 (${\pm}3.25\;cmH_2O$) in calculated PSmin Correlation between the measured PSmin and the calculated PSmin is significantly high(n=9, r=0.88, p=0.002). The calculated PSmin show a tendancy to be higher than the corresponding measured PSmin in 8 out of 9 subjects(p=0.09). The ratio of measured PSmin/calculated PSmin was 0.81(${\pm}0.05$). Conclusion: Minimal pressure support levels were different in individual cases in the range from 4 to 12.5 cm$H_2O$. Because the equation-driven calculated PSmin showed a good correlation with measured PSmin, the application of equation-driven PSmin would be then appropriate compared with conventional application of 5~10 cm$H_2O$ in patients under difficult weaning process with pressure support ventilation.