• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.257-265
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• 1995

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) has been widely used for postoperative pain relief. Meperidine is useful for PCA and has efficient analgesia, rapid onset, and low incidence of adverse effect. To compare the analgesic effect, total dose and hourly dose, side effect and neonatal status of breast feeding with meperidine via intravenous or epidural PCA for 48 hours after Cesarean Section, 40 parturient women undergoing elective Cesarean Section were randomly divided into two groups. Each respective group of 20 parturient women received meperidine via one of the intravenous PCA after general anesthesia with enflurane (IVPCA group) and the epidural PCA after general anesthesia with enflurane (IVPCA group) and the epidural PCA after epidural block with 2% lidocaine 20ml combined with general anesthesia with only $N_2O$ and $O_2$ (EpiPCA group) when they first complained of pain in recovery room. Following the administration of analgesic initial dose, parturient women of IVPCA group were allowed intravenous meperidine 10 mg every 8 minutes when they felt pain. The EpiPCA group received additional bolus dose of meperidine 2 mg and bupivacaine 0.7 mg were administered every 8 minutes as requested the patients with hourly continuous infusion of meperidine 4 mg and bupivacaine 1.4 mg. Data was collected during the 48 hours observation period including visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, total meperidine dose, hourly dose during 48 hours and each time interval, incidence of adverse effect, satisfaction, and neonatal status with breast feeding. VAS pain scores of analgesic effect in EpiPCA group was significantly lower than in IVPCA group at 2 hours after the initial pain after Cesarean Section. Total dose and hourly dose of meperidine significantly reduced in EpiPCA group. Hourly dose of meperidine at each time interval significantly reduced during first 6 hours and from 12 hours to 24 hours in EpiPCA group. The side effects in IVPCA group were mainly sedation, nausea, and local irritation of skin. And EpiPCA group experienced numbness and itching. The degree of satisfaction of parturient women was 88.2 % in IVPCA group and 85.7 % in EpiPCA group. We did not observe any sedation, abnormal behavior, or seizure like activity in any neonates of breast feeding. From the above results we conclude that epidural PCA was more efficiently analgesic, less sedative, and consumptional, and safer for neonate than intravenous PCA, and could be an alternative method to intravenous PCA.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1995

This study was conducted to compare the severity of cannulation pain in hemodialysis patients after topical application of EMLA cream and local injection of lidocaine and evaluated side effects and problems accompanied by the former. Twenty patients, who were on hemodialysis from September 1 to October 15, 1994 at the Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, were divided into two groups of ten. To conduct a cross over study, two groups were placed on four repeated methods with lidocaine followed by four repeated methods with EMLA cream and vice versa, respectively, while the severity of cannulation pain was being measured according to a Visual Analogue Scale with each methods. The results are follows : 1) The scale of pain was recorded as $4.56{\pm}1.38$ and $2.05{\pm}1.36$ points for methods with lidocaine and EMLA cream, respectively, indicating the less severe pain with EMLA cream. 2) Local side effects such as itching(4 cases, 5.0%)and pallor (5 cases, 6.3%)were observed with methods with EMLA cream but disappeared before the completion of hemodialysis. 3) Problems associated with local lidocaine were pain at the injection of anesthetic (27cases, 16.9%)and fear for needle insertion(6 cases, 3.8%). The most frequent problems with EMLA cream application were an inconvenience in use (11 cases, 6.9%)and tedious long pretreatment time(11 cases, 6.9%), those associated with inconvenience in cream applying procedures. 4) Twelve out of twenty patients(60.0%) responded with yes to a continued use of EMLA cream in spite of problems with cream application and economical difficulties in purchasing. These results indicate that 5% EMLA cream used as a local anesthetic in hemodialysis significantly reduces cannulation pain and lacks side effects, thus serving as a suitable method for the alleviation of cannulation pain and inconvenience in hemodialysis and the relief of psychological stress of nurses.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.468-477
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• 2009

To evaluate the current indoor air quality condition of private academic facilities in Korea and investigate its association with subjective symptoms of student residing at the same academic facilities, air quality monitoring was carried out in total of 20 academic facilities located in Seoul, Daejon and Chungnam from the beginning of January to the end of April, 2009. To assess the air quality condition of academic facilities, 6 air pollutants with temperature and humidity were measured simultaneously inside and outside of academic facilities. The rate of exceeding the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) guideline concentrations in 6 air pollutants were 5%, 85%, 15%, 5%, 10% and 30% for CO, $CO_2$, PM10, HCHO, TVOCs and TBC, respectively. A questionnaire on 16 subjective symptoms related to indoor air quality was given to 342 students who studied at the 20 academic facilities. The most frequent symptom of students was 'I feel easily tired or sleepy', and this was followed by 'I feel muscular pain or stiffness on shoulder, back and neck'. The association of net difference (subjective symptoms at the academic facility - subjective symptoms of the usual situation) with air pollutants was analyzed using spearman rank correlation. In logistic analysis using proportional odds method, the students whose indoor air concentration of HCHO was ${\geq}60{\mu}g/m^3$ hadsignificant odds of having more subjective symptoms of 'My eyes are dry or feel irritated or itching' (OR=5.026: CI=1.587-15.911), 'I feel easily tired or sleepy' (OR=2.956: CI=1.072-8.152), 'I lose my concentration and I feel my memory is falling' (OR=7.745: CI=1.938-30.955) and 'I feel dizzy' (OR=4.424: CI=1.292-15.149) than those of <$60{\mu}g/m^3$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.131-132
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• 1995

After studing of viewpoint of surgical disease in seven medical books related with Ju Dan Gye(朱丹溪) among four eminent physicians in the Jin and Yuan dynasties(金元四大家) I get conclsion as following. 1. Studied surgical diseases are total 40 kinds. 2. In 40 kinds surgical diseaes, case of having theory are 20 kinds, cases of having no theory and having only treatement by medicine are 20 kinds. 3. In therapy, cases that mainly use a method to eliminate pathogenic factors are 27 kinds; Acute mastitis(乳癰), Deep-seated mammary abscess(내巖), Acute appendicitis(陽癰), Bone cellulitis(附骨疽), Carbuncle of the lower abdomen near external genitalia(便毒), Leprosy(癩風), Macule(斑), Rash(疹), Urticaria(은疹), Scrofula(나역), Stagnant plegm(結核), Goiter andtumer(영유), Erysipelas(丹), Furuncle(정瘡), Scabies(疥瘡), Chancre(下疳瘡), Syphilitic skin disease(樣梅瘡), Incised wound (金瘡), Dermatopathy of lower limb and heel(脚足部瘡), Pemphigus(天疱瘡), Itching eruption due to blood-heat or wind heat(血風瘡), Dermatopathy of head(頭面瘡), Scald and burn(湯火瘡), Tetanus(破傷風) , Ecthyma(염瘡), Fistula(久漏瘡), Tinea(癬瘡), Cases that mainly use external therapy are 5 kinds; Rhagades of hand and foot(手足군裂), Vulvar ulceration(婦人陰瘡), Chilblain(凍瘡), Rabies(풍狗咬), Tinea capitis(白禿瘡), Cases that mainly use a reinforcing method are 4 kinds; Internal deep-rooted carbuncle(內疽), Pruritus and dryness of skin(皮膚乾燥), Anul fistula(漏瘡), Macule Caused by disorder of internal organ(內傷發斑), Cases that mainly use eliminating first and then reinforcing are 2 kinds; Pyogenic infection and ulcerous disease of slin( 疽瘡상癰疽瘡瘍), Lung abscess(肺癰), Case that mainly uses reinforcement and elimination in combination is only Haemorroid(痔瘡). Case divided into two groups that are reinforcing method and a method to eliminate pathogenic factor is only Trauma(打撲). Case that have no treatment by medicine is only Abscess of the scrotum(囊癰). 4. In 40 kinds surgical diseases, we can know that except a few important surgical diseases, Ju Dan Gye haven't distinguished viewpoint in many surgical diseases, because there are many cases that have no theory and have only simple treatment of medicine, and that mainly use a method to eliminate pathogenic factors and external therapy. 5. Representative theory of Ju Dan Gye, nourishing Yin and extinguishing fire(滋陰降火), has little effect on therapy of surgical disease. We need to try statistical division of internal and external remedy in the future, and by studing of surgical disase in medical books related with four eminent physicians in the Jin and Yuan dynasties, I think we can see their viewpoint of surgical disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2012

A placebo-controlled double-blind ingestion study of a beauty supplement containing rice-derived ceramide was performed. Thirty three subjects who always tended to have rough skin due to dryness participated in the study. Dermatological diagnosis by physicians showed that the supplement significantly improved dryness and itching of the skin. On measurement of water content in the skin, the supplement was shown to significantly increase water content in the skin. On microscopic three-dimensional analysis of the epidermis, the supplement was shown to improve smoothness, exfoliation, and short-term ingestion of the supplement containing rice derived ceramide, which is very effective as skin beautifying food.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1431-1441
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• 2006

Following conclusions were drawn from the examination of the usage of semen persicae and fols carthami from the view of Hyungsang Medicine. Semen persicae is used to vitalize the blood flow and eliminate the blood stagnation of the whole body in ${\ulcorner}$Donguibogam${\lrcorner}$, and therefor it is used for the blood flow of the heptal meridian and sometimes the intestinal meridian. Flos carthami is applied to vitalize the blood flow, remove obstructions in meridians, eliminate the blood stagnations, and stop the pain in ${\ulcorner}$Donguibogam${\lrcorner}$, therefore used in such symptoms of blood flow of the heptal meridian as amenorrhea, spasm of muscles, and coldness of the genitals. Also is applied in those cases of exhaustion, perspiration, and in digestive remedies which belong to the symptoms of cardiac blood flow. And it is used for dryness of the skin in which case the blood should be developed and malaria for the elimination of the blood stagnation and production of new blood. The combination of semen persicae and flos carthami is applied to eliminate the blood stagnation and stimulate menstrual discharge in uterus, as well as in the cases of lumbago and stomachache due to blood stagnation, blood stasis, mass in the abdomen, and abdominal distention. This combination is also used for the eyes, ears, numbness, and paralysis of hands and feet for the purpose of making the flow of the meridian smooth, and for diabetes, dryness of the skin, malaria, anal itching and pain for the purpose of eliminating the mass and renewing the tissues. The combination is diversly used in the book of ${\ulcorner}$Special lectures on clinical cases${\lrcorner}$ for the aftereffects of traffic accident, constipation, diabetes, dryness of the skin, paralysis of hands and feet, numbness of finger of hand and foot, and especially used frequently with prescription of Yijintang and Samultang combined in the cases of numbness. The prescription is used in Hyungsang medicine when the uterus, the external appearance(axis), hands and feet, heart, and the stomach is not good for the vitalization of the flow of the 12 meridians. It was though difficult to find extinguishing differences between the two herbs in the clinical cases applied in the book of ${\ulcorner}$Special lectures on clinical cases${\lrcorner}$.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2001

Background: Cholestatic hepatitis is failure of bile to reach the duodenum with hepatocellular damage and no demonstable obstruction of the major bile ducts. The prognosis is usually good with recovery in less than 4 weeks after withdrawal of the offending drug. However, a prolonged course lasting over 3 months is possible and, in rare cases, progression to ductopenia with development of a vanishing bile duct syndrome occurs. A differential diagnosis with other causes of Chronic liver disease is needed. Materials and Methods: From January 1991 through January 2000, 14 patients diagnosed as cholestatic hepatitis by liver biopsy were included. The possible causative drug, clinical features, laboratory findings, and progression of cholestatic hepatitis were evaluated. The semiquantitative study of liver lesions was performed by two independent observers. Results: Causes of cholestatic hepatitis are 5 cases of oriental medicine, 3 cases of anti-tuberculosis medication, 1 case of ticlopidine and antibiotics and 4 cases of unknown causes. The clinical features of cholestatic hepatitis were jaundice, itching, urine color change, and general weakness. During 6 to 30 months, LFT of 5 patients showed prolonged elevation. Elevated total cholesterol ${\geq}$250 mg/dL in 6 patients, pheripheral blood eosinophilia in 5 patients, auto-antibody positive in 6 patients were observed respectively. The biopsies showed intralobular bilirubinostasis with a mixed portal inflammatory infiltration. Conclusion: In cholestatic hepatitis, durations of abnormal LFT are variable regardless of causative drugs. If cholestatic hepatitis progresses toward chronic course, viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis should be differentially diagnosed and sequential liver biopsies are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objectives This study aimed to investigate therapeutic effect of Korean Medicine Steam Therapy (KMST) for leukorrhea patients. Methods From December 1st 2013 to Nov 31st 2014, 16 leukorrhea outpatients treated with KMST filled out questionnaire before and after treatments. The questionnaire was composed of 8 question items such as sleep, appetite & digestion, urination, defecation, emotion, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain, leukorrhea and patients were told to evaluate their symptoms as NRS score. We analyzed mean NRS score of each question item before and after KMST by using Wilcoxon's signed rank test of SPSS ver. 19. Results Mean age of participants was 40.8±13.0 years and mean value of treatment numbers per person was 3.8±1.8 times. 43.75% (n=7) of the patients had history of vaginitis caused by gardnella vaginalis, ureaplasma urealyticum or candida albicans. All patients were treated with acupuncture, moxibustion and Korean medicine. In addition, there was no side effect reported by participants. NRS score of quantity, odor of leukorrhea, perineal unpleasant sensation such as itching, dryness, burning sensation remarkably decreased (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01 each). NRS score of symptoms including sleep, urination, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain also remarkably decreased (p<0.05). Conclusions Symptoms of leukorrhea patients including sleep, urination, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain, leukorrhea showed significant decrease after treated with concurrent KMST.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2002

Introduction Urticaria is widely spread disease. About 15-20 $\%$ of population has experienced at least once in a life time. The etiology of urticaria is uncertain till now, and the affcting factors are various chemical material, physical factors, alcohol, fever, exercise, and hormone, etc. The symptoms of urticaria are small or large wheal-erythema reaction and itching or tingling sense. Cause there is no probe to detect the urticaria clearly, the treatment of urticaria is symptomatic. And mostly urticaria can be chronic and very hard to treat it fundamentally. Nowadays, many trials to treat the urticaria in oriental medical way show good curability. In this paper I'd like to report the treatment rate and degree of urticaria patients mostly using anti-histamine medication. Subjects From the outpatients who visited Korean Hospital of Kyunghee Kangnam during 2000-4 and 2002-1, the 36 chronic urticaria patients, at least more than 4 weeks from onset and 2weeks of treatment period, were chosen. Methods I evaluated the results of treatment with the following scale. Very Good: The all symptoms are clearly disappeared or one third of symptoms remain and sometimes eruption is appeared. Good: Half of the symptoms are improved but most of symptoms remain. No Change: No change appears before and after treatment. Worse: The degree and duration of eruption get worse than pre-treatment state. Results For Acupuncture treatment, I chose the several Acu points like Hapgok(합곡), Taichung(대충), Gokji(곡지), Yanggok(양곡), Yanggea(양계), and lmeup(족임읍), and usually lasted it 15 minutes. With the acupuncture treatment and herb medicine, 2-3 times a week, the patients whose treatment period was 2 to 4 weeks were 17(47.2$\%$), 4 to 8 weeks were 11(30.5$\%$), 8 to 12 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), 12 to 16 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), longer than 16 weeks were 2(5.5$\%$) Collecting the statistics of the frequency of prescripted herb medicine, Hyangsosan(향소산) was prescripted 21 times(58.3$\%$), Hyangsapyungwisan(향사평위산) was 15 times(41.6$\%$), Hwapisan(화피산) was 9 times(25$\%$), Yangwitang(양위탕) was 6 times(16.6$\%$), Bojungikkitang(보중익기탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$), Yongdamsagantang (용담사간탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$). The result of the treatments, evaluating with mentioned rate scale, was 11 cases(30.5$\%$) were Very Good degree, 19 cases(52.7$\%$) were Good , 6 cases(16.6$\%$) were No Change. No cases were Worse degree. Conclusion According to this research, we could say that chronic urticaria can be treated with Oriental medical methods. But more precise probes in both Oriental and Western medicine to diagnose the chronic urticaria should be established and we need to make standards for testing and diagnosing the chronic urticaria.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.76-86
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• 2014

Objective : This study was performed to find out the differential points of the pattern identification for Acne vulgaris and suggest them to the clinic setting Methods : We searched the papers that suggest patterns identification for Acne vulgaris through China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS), Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal(KTKP), Korean Studies Information Service System(KISS). We looked through all the papers, excluded unintended papers, and finally chose some papers that are suitable for inclusion. Then, We extracted all the patterns of Acne vulgaris and chose frequently suggested patterns. Finally we extracted symptoms from selected patterns and arranged them in order of frequency. Results and Conclusions : 1. We found 215 papers and chose 17 papers (Korean : 6, Chinese : 11). 2. We extracted total 67 demonstrations and chose Patterns of Wind-Heat, Damp-Heat, Phlegm and Static blood, Disharmony of the Thoroughfare and Controlling vessels. 3. In Acne vulgaris, the pattern of Wind-Heat tends to have a red papule, sometimes pustule, pain with itching, burning sensation, tidal reddening of the cheeks, white head or black head. The pattern of Damp-Heat tends to have a pustule, node, redness and swelling, pain and greasy skin. The pattern of Phlegm and Static blood has a tendency to be a nodule or cystoma that is hard, dark, painful, long lasting and hard to recover and easy to recur with a scar, pimple, pigmentation. The pattern of Disharmony of the Thoroughfare and Controlling vessels tends to be exacerbated before menstruation, have a small papule that is not easily treated under the chin or around the mouth.