• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2019

The present study investigate the compressive stress, shear stress, tensile stress, vertical electrical displacement and horizontal electrical displacement induced due to a load moving with uniform velocity on the free rough surface of an irregular transversely isotropic functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) substrate. The closed form expressions ofsaid induced stresses and electrical displacements for both electrically open condition and electrically short condition have been deduced. The influence of various affecting parameters viz. maximum depth of irregularity, irregularity factor, parameter of functionally gradedness, frictional coefficient of the rough upper surface, piezoelectricity/dielectricity on said induced stresses and electrical displacements have been examined through numerical computation and graphical illustration for both electrically open and short conditions. The comparative analysis on the influence of electrically open and short conditions as well as presence and absence of piezoelectricity on the induced stresses and induced electrical displacements due to a moving load serve as the salient features of the present study. Moreover, some important peculiarities have also been traced out by means of graphs.

• 한국주조공학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.210-216
• /
• 2010

The aim of this study is to characterize a thixoextruded 7075 Al wrought alloy bar in terms of its isotropic behavior through the optical microscope, mechanical test and electron back scattered diffraction. It is also discussed of the extrudability improvement for 7075 Al wrought alloy by thixoextrusion, with emphasis on controlling thixoextrusion parameters. Hot extrusion shows that the maximum extrusion pressure depends on their characteristics in terms of flow stress and hot workability. In the contrary, thixoextrusion demonstrates that the maximum extrusion pressure is almost uniform regardless of the experimental parameters, such as initial ram speed, die bearing length and thixoextrusion temperature. The hot extruded microstructures become elongated to extrusion direction, while the thixoextruded microstructures are isotropic and homogeneously distributed due to the existence of liquid phase between solid grains during the process. The grain refinement due to dynamic recrystallization during thixoextrusion has been also occurred. Subsequent recrystallization would lead to the strengthening of mechanical properties, as observed in the study. The important point is that the values of tensile, yield strength and elongation of the thixoextruded bar without plastic deformation are similar to those of the hot extruded bar with severe plastic deformation.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 2011

이 연구에서는 휨인장강도 평가 방법에 따른 무근 콘크리트 원형패널의 휨거동을 비교하기 위해 유한요소해석과 실험을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 ASTM C 1550 round panel test(RPT) 시험법과 biaxial flexure test(BFT) 시험법을 적용하여 콘크리트 원형패널의 휨인장강도를 측정하였으며, 두 원형패널에 작용하는 응력 분포를 알아보기 위하여 패널의 아랫면 중앙에 두 개의 변형률 게이지가 직교하도록 부착하여 하중-변형률 관계를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 RPT 시험체와 BFT 시험체의 파괴 형상은 유사하게 관찰되었으며, 두 시험체 모두 중앙 아랫면의 하중-변형률 관계 또한 모든 방향에 일정한 것으로 나타나, 시험 시 등방성 휨인장응력 상태에 놓이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. RPT 시험에 의한 평균 휨인장강도가 BFT의 경우보다 29% 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 두 시험체의 휨인장강도 분포 모두 정규분포를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, RPT 휨인장강도의 변동계수(coefficient of variation)와 BFT의 변동계수는 각각 8%와 6%로 측정되었다. 이는 BFT 시험을 통하여 신뢰할 수 있는 이방향 휨인장강도 측정이 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.498-509
• /
• 2009

Present study is concerned with the simulation of plasticity models for the cyclic stressstrain behavior of aluminum alloy AC4C-T6 that can be used for primary materials of LNG cargo pump. Material model of cyclic hardening and plasticity for aluminum alloy AC4C-T6 was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. Monotonic tensile and cyclic tension-compression test under symmetric load cycles was performed at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature of $-165^{\circ}C$. Based on the experimental data plastic hardening models were evaluated for isotropic/kinematic/combined hardening. FEA (Finite Element Analysis) models which describe the cyclic stress-strain relationship were evaluated for the simulation of plasticity. An appropriate hardening model is proposed comparing the results of FEA with those of experiments.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.440-449
• /
• 2003

Residual strength of fiber metal laminates after impact was studied. 3/4 lay up FML was fabricated using 4 ply prepreg, 2 ply aluminum sheets, and 1 ply steel sheet. Quasi isotropic ([0/45/90/-45]s) and orthotropic ([0/90/0/90]s) FRP were also fabricated to compare with FML. Impact test were conducted by using instrumented drop weight impact machine (Dynatup, Model 8250). Penetration load and absorbed energy of FML were superior to those of FRPs. Tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the residual strength after impact. Strength degradation of FML was less than that of FRP. This means that the damage tolerance of FML is excellent than that of FRP. Residual strength of each specimen was predicted by using Whitney and Nuismer(WN) Model. Impact damage area is assumed as a circular notch in WN model. Damage width is defined as the average of back face and top face damage width of each specimen. Average stress and point stress criterions were used to calculate the characteristic length. It is supposing that a characteristic length is a constant. The distribution of characteristic length shows that the assumption is reasonable. Prediction was well matched with experiment under both stress criterions.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.289-299
• /
• 2022

Based on the random cracking theory, the cylinder RVE model of reinforced concrete is established and the damage process is divided into three stages as the evolution of the cracks. The stress distribution along longitude direction of the concrete and the steel bar in the cylinder model are derived. The equivalent elastic modulus of the RVE are derived and the user-defined field variable subroutine (USDFLD) for the equivalent elastic modulus is well integrated into the ABAQUS. Regarding the tensile rebars and the concrete surrounding the rebars as the equivalent homogeneous transversely isotropic material, and the FEM analysis for the reinforced concrete beams is conducted with the USDFLD subroutine. Considering the concrete cracking and interfacial debonding, the macroscopic damage process of the reinforced concrete beam under four-point bending loading in the simulation. The volume fraction of rebar and the cracking degree are mainly discussed to reveal their influence on the macro-performance and they are calibrated with experimental results. Comparing with the bending experiment performed with 8 reinforced concrete beams, the bending stiffness of the second stage and the ultimate load simulated are in good agreement with the experimental values, which verifies the effectiveness and the accuracy of the improved finite element method for reinforced concrete beam.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제33권10호
• /
• pp.773-777
• /
• 2009

In this study, the strain sensing characteristics of single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) networks were investigated to develop a film sensor for strain sensing. The SWCNTs film are formed on flexible substrates of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using spray process. In this manner we could control the transparency and obtain excellent uniformity of the networked SWCNT film. The carbon nanotube film is isotropic due to randomly oriented bundles of SWCNTs. Using experimental results it is shown that there is a nearly linear change in resistance across the film when it is subjected to tensile stress. The results presented in this study indicate the potential of such films for high sensitive transparent strain sensors on macro scale.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 2020

The mechanical responses of multilayered aluminum sheet fabricated by roll bonding, i.e., A1050/A3004 (65% A1050, 35% A3004 by thickness), were investigated via combined experiment and finite element (FE) analysis. The mechanical properties were measured using uniaxial tensile tests in various loading directions for the multilayered sheet. The corresponding tests for individual layers were also conducted. The testing samples were prepared by wire electro discharge machining (EDM). Stress-strain curves and Lankford coefficients of the multilayered sheet were then predicted by FE simulations. The measured mechanical properties of the individual layers were utilized as inputs for the simulation. Two yield functions, i.e., isotropic von-Mises and anisotropic non-quadratic Hill1948, were employed. Predicted results were compared with the experimental data and further discussed.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.296-302
• /
• 2011

The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of process parameters on the behavior of a 18Cr-10Mn-$0.44N_2$ nitrogen steel sample deformed by hot rolling. Compression tests were carried out at high temperatures to determine the flow stresses needed for a finite element(FE) analysis. The strain rate, ranging from 0.1 to $1.0s^{-1}$, significantly affected the flow stress at temperatures higher than $1,000^{\circ}C$. Non-isothermal rolling simulations and laboratory rolling tests were performed with plate specimens 14.5mm thick, 135mm wide and 226mm long. A rolling reduction of 15% per pass leading to a cumulative rolling reduction of 60% was determined as optimal. The extension ratio of 176.5% in the length direction was about 30.4 times greater than the extension ratio of 5.8% in the width direction. Isotropic properties for tensile strength, microstructure and grain size were measured after mock-up hot rolling tests. The results from the mockup tests were found to be in good agreement with those of the simulations.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2002

Residual stress distribution in injection molded short fiber composites is determined by using the layer-removal method. Polystyrene is mixed with carbon fibers of 3% volume fraction (4.5% weight fraction) in an extruder and the tensile specimen is injection-molded. The layer-removal process, in which removing successive thin uniform layers of the material from the surface of the specimen by a milling machine, is employed and the resulting curvature is acquired by means of an image processing. The isotropic elastic analysis proposed by Treuting and Read which assumes a constant Yaung’s modulus in the thickness direction is one of the most frequently used methods to determine residual stresses. However, injection molded short fiber composites experience complex fiber orientation during molding and variation of Yaung’s modulus distribution occurs in the specimen. In this study, variation of Yaung’s modulus with respect to the thickness direction is considered for calculation of the residual stresses as proposed by White and the result is compared with that by assuming constant modulus. Residual stress distribution obtained from this study shows a typical stress profile of injection-molded products as reported in many literatures. Young’s modulus distribution is predicted by using numerical methods instead of experimental results. For the numerical analysis of injection molding process, a hybrid FEM/FDM method is used in order to predict velocity, temperature field, fiber orientation, and resulting mechanical properties of the specimen at the end of molding.