• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.109-113
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• 1994

Effects of various formulation factors using $L_8$ orthogonal arrays with the stability of doxorubicin hydrochloride injections(DHls) were investigated. The degradation of DHI may be occured by pH, temperature, light and metal ions. It is known that DHI should be stored on refrigerated condition of $4{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ because of its unstability on the room temperature. The employed factors were sodium chloride as isotonic solution, sodium bisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite as an antioxidant, disodium edetate as a chelating agent, methyl parahydroxybenzoate as a dissolution time shortening agent, and hydrochloric acid or citric acid as a pH adjusting agent at $22^{\circ}C$. From the results of $L_8$ orthogonal arrays, an optimal formula, including sodium chloride, disodium edetate, sodium bisulfite and hydrochloric acid, was obtained and the shelf-life of the formula was determined as 560 days approximately.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.516-521
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• 2009

Techflex$^{(R)}$, a polypropylene-lined, multilayer infusion bag, was studied for its compatibility with diazepam, in comparison to the conventional infusion bag, Safeflex$^{(R)}$, which is comprised of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Diazepam was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride isotonic solution and stored in the infusion bags for 24 h. To evaluate the sorption of diazepam into the infusion bags during storage, the concentration of the drug remaining in the bag was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The PVC bags exhibited a marked sorption of diazepam, with a drug loss reaching up to 90% of the initial concentration after 24 h of contact, whereas Techflex$^{(R)}$ inhibited the drug sorption, showing approximately 10%, under the same conditions. The differences in the sorption behaviors of the bags are discussed in terms of solubility parameters and crystallinities of the polymers.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.83-89
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• 1993

To evaluate an effect of methanethiol on a cause of erythrocyte membrane damage in rats, methanethiol was given at 11.25 rag/100 g body weight, and after 4 hr, the animals were sacrifled, the activities of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase, protein contents in partial purified erythrocyte membrane and erythrocyte indices were determined Concomitantly, in vitro, effect of methanethiol on the erythrocyte fragility, Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activity and its kinetics in various concentration of substrate from the preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol were demonstrated. The spleen weight per body weight (%) and MCV of erythrocyte in methanethiol-treated rats were more increased than those in the control group. The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activities in erythrocyte membrane were more decreased in methanethiol-treated rats than those in the control group. The apply of 0.05 ng rat whole blood to the 0.24 mg/ng of methanethiol solution in isotonic condition showed the complete hemolysis. The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase activity in preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol at 37$\circ$C showed the dual effect and the K$_m$ value of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase was higher in the preincubated erythrocyte membrane with methanethiol than that in the preincubated erythrocyte membrane omitted the methanethiol. These results suggest that the methanethiol may induce the damage of rat's erythrocyte membrane due to a change in substrate binding affinity of Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 1986

The sufficient myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$ to react with the contractile proteins is necessary to induce contraction of a cardiac muscle. These $Ca^{++}$ for the production of muscle contraction are supplied from the three recognized $Ca^{++}$ sources; internal $Ca^{++}$ release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), $Ca^{++}$ influx through a gated Ca-channel in the membrane as a Isi, and $Ca^{++}$ transport by the mechanism of Na/ca exchange. However, it is still controversial which $Ca^{++}$ sources act as a main contributor for myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$, Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the $Ca^{++}$ sources for the contraction of frog ventricle. There is evidence that the SR is sparse in frog ventricular fibers, and that T-tubules are absent. Isolated ventricular strips of frog, Rana nigromaculata, were used in this experiment. Isometric tension was recorded by force transducer, and membrane potentials of ventricular muscles were measured through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of $30{\pm}50M{\Omega}$. All experiments were performed at room temperature in a tris·buffered Ringer solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$. Isotonic high K, low Na solution was used to induce K-contracture, K-contracture appeared at the concentration of 20 to 30mM-KCI and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in KCI concentration. The contracture had two components: an initial rapid phasic and a subsequent slow tonic contractile responses. Membrane Potentials measured at normal Ringer solution(2.5mM KCI) was -90 to -100 mV, and decreased linearly as the KCI concentration increased; -55mV at 20mM.KCI, -45mV at 30 mM.KCI, -30 mY at 50 mM.KCI, and -12 mV at 100 mM.KCI. K-contracture was evoked firstly at the membrane potential of -45 mV. The contracture was potentiated by the increase of bathing extracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. However, in the absence of $Ca^{++}$ the contracture was almost not induced by 50 mM.KCI solution. Caffeine(20mM) in normal Ringer solution, which is known to release $Ca^{++}$ from SR without substantial effects on the $Ca^{++}$ fluxes across the surface membrane, did not affect membrane potential and also not initiate contracture, but the caffeine in 20 mM-KCI Ringer solution produced a contracture. Above results suggest that the main $Ca^{++}$ source for the K·contracture of frog ventricle is $Ca^{++}$ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and that in the K-contracture at the concentration of 100 mM-KCI, the mechanism of Na/ca exchange also partly contributs, in addition to the $Ca^{++}$ influx.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 1984

The influences of acute respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances on the carotid, renal and coronary blood flow were measured in dogs. Respiratory acidosis was induced by artificial respiration with 8% CO2 -02 gas mixture and respiratory alkalosis was induced by hyperventilation under the control of respirator. Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis were induced by intravenous infusion of 0.3N hydrochloric acid and 0.6M sodium bicarbonate solution. To observe the effect of hyperkalemia, isotonic potassium chloride solution was infused. CVI electromagnetic flowmeter probes were placed on the left common carotid artery, left renal artery and left circumflex coronary artery. Each flow was recorded on polygraph. 1. The carotid blood flow showed rapid showed rapid and marked increase in acute respiratory acidosis. Even in the cases when arterial blood pressure was lowered during the state of respiratory acidosis, carotid blood flow increased. By the infusion of hydrochloric acid, carotid blood flow increased slowly and returned to the previous label after discontinuation of the infusion. Carotid blood flow also increased by the infusion of large amount of sodium bicarbonate, but it might be the combined effect of expansion of extracellular fluid and compensatory elevation of carbon dioxide tension. 2.The renal blood flow remained unchanged during the acute acid-base disturbances, suggesting effective autoregulation. Renal blood flow, however, increased very slowly when the infusion of potassium chloride continued for a long period. 3.Although less marked than the carotid blood flow, the coronary blood flow increased in the acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis. In asphyxiated condition, coronary blood flow increased most markedly and this might be the combined effect of hypoxia, hypercapnea, and lowering of pH. In summary, the carotid blowflow showed more marked change in the acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis than the renal and coronary blood flow. Respiratory and metabolic components of acid-base disturbances may influence the local blood flow concomitantly, there being more differences in the individual responses, but respiratory component manifested more rapid and marked effect than metabolic component.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.963-966
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• 1995

Ischemia reperfusion injury occurs in various diseases. The role of oxygen free radicals in IR injury of the lung has been spotlighted and many studies have been performed. In this study, we tried to prepare a stable rat lung model for IR injury, focusing on surrounding conditions as hilar stripped left lung, clamped left pulmonary artery and bronchus,and declamped after determined period was passed, and right main pulmonary aretery was clamped. Arterial blood gas analyes were performed at 1, 10, 20, 30, minutes after reperfusion. Before clamping, PaO2 was 95 to 120 mmHg in all animals. There were six groups; Group I : temperature 15o C, and 120 minutes clamping, Group II: 20 oC, and 120 minutes clamping, Group III : 25 oC, and 120 minutes clamping, Group IV : 15oC, 90 minutes clamping, Group V : 20 oC, 90 minutes clamping,Group VI: 20 oC, 75 minutes clamping. Each groups contained 10 Sprague Dayley rats. The humidity was maintained 100 % as circulation imerged isotonic Hartmann`s solution of the pleural cavity. In group IV, V, and VI, PaO2 decreased significantly in all animals immediately after reperfusion, but 43 % survived till 10 minutes after reperfusion, it was 74.0$\pm$5.7, 73.3$\pm$10.8,and 88.2$\pm$17.7 mmHg. Pulmonary edema was observed histologically in 2/10 animals in group IV, 6/10 in group V , 3/10 in group VI, 9/10 in group I, and the other lungs showed all edema. We established a stable model by setting ischemic time,and temperature, between 75 to 90 minutes,15 to 20o C, and isotemperature Hartmann`s solution immersion of the pleural cavity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the single-dose toxicity of ShinYangHur (SYH) herbal acupuncture injected into the muscles of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The SYH herbal acupuncture was made in a clean room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (KPI, Korea-Good Manufacturing Practice, K-GMP). After the mixing process with sterile distilled water, the pH was controlled to between 7.0 and 7.5. Then, NaCl was added to make a 0.9% isotonic solution by using sterilized equipment. All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). SD rats were chosen for the pilot study. Doses of SYH herbal acupuncture, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution, 1.0 mL, was administered to the control group. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths or abnormalities occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy was used to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The above outcomes suggest that treatment with SYH herbal acupuncture is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject are needed to yield more concrete evidence.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2022

Rinse & Chill^® technology (RCT) entails rinsing the vasculature using a chilled isotonic solution (3℃; 98.5% water and a blend of dextrose, maltose, and sodium phosphates) to rinse out the residual blood from the carcass. Infusion of pre-chilled solutions into intact animal carcasses immediately upon exsanguination is advantageous in terms of lowering the internal muscle temperature and accelerating chilling. This technology is primarily used for purposes of effective blood removal, favorable pH decline, and efficient carcass chilling, all of which improve meat quality and safety. Although RCT solution contains some substrates, the pre-rigor muscle is still physiologically active at the time of early postmortem and vascular rinsing. Consequently, these substrates are fully metabolized by the muscle, leaving no detectable residues in meat. The technology has been commercially approved and in continuous use since 2000 in the United States and since 1997 in Australia. As of January 2022, 23 plants have implemented RCT among the 5 countries (Australia, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan) that have evaluated and approved RCT. All plants are operating under sound Sanitation Standard Operation Procedures (SSOP) and a sound Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program. No food safety issues have been reported associated with the use of this technology. RCT has been adapted by the meat industry to improve product safety and meat quality while improving economic performance. Therefore, this review summarizes highlights of how RCT technically works on a variety of animal types (beef, bison, pork, and lamb).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was (i) to determine whether protease inhibition by medium chain fatty acids such as sodium caprate, sodium caprylate and sodium laurate led to suppression of insulin proteolysis over a range of insulin concentrations and (ii) elucidate preventing effect of the enhancers on molecular self-association of insulin in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer isotonic solution. To this end, the rate of insulin proteolysis in nasal tissue supernatants of the albino rabbits was determined in the presence of $0.1{\sim}2%$ sodium caprylate, sodium caprate and sodium laurate at insulin concentrations ranging from $5\;to\;100\;{\mu}M$. At fatty acid salts concentration lower than 0.5%, insulin proteolysis was accelerated but the enhancers of high concentration (>1%) reduced the rate of insulin proteolysis. These effects were dependent upon insulin concentration and chain length of fatty acid salts. Circular dichroism spectra of insulin solutions were then determined. Monomer fraction of insulin was increased with increasing sodium caprate. Therefore, half-life decrease of insulin at low concentrations of the enhancers was attributed to deaggregation of insulin by the enhancers, increasing the proportion of monomers available for nasal proteolysis. And the increase of half-life at high concentration of the enhancers was attributed to inhibitory effect on protease rather than the effect of monomer fraction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.527-537
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• 1995

The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and electrical stimulation of the tooth on the intradental nerve activtiy (INA) was investigated in anesthetized cats. The INA was recorded from single pulp nerve units dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve under stereomicroscope. The INA elicited by 3 minute application of 4M NaCl in deep dentinal cavity was compared before and after stimulation at 10 minute intervals. The magnitude of INA was calculated as the total number of nerve impulses produced in given period, and the changes of INA are expressed as % of control INA. The results obtained were as follows. 1. 16 single pulp nerve units were classified as 14 $A{\delta}$-fibers (3.4~19.4m/sec) and 2-fibers (1.5~1.7m/sec) according to the conduction velocity. 2. 4M NaCl evoked an irregular bursts of spikes which continued until washing out. Isotonic saline did not affect INA to subsequent applications of the hypertonic NaCl solution (P>0.05). 3. Local application of CGRP ($200{\mu}g$/ml) in deep dentinal cavity reduced the INA induced by 4M NaCl in $A{\delta}$-fiber units (P<0.01) and some units of those responded to CGRP during application. 4. Local application of SP ($100{\mu}g$/ml) in deep dentinal cavity reduced the INA induced by 4M NaCl in AS-fiber units (p<0.05), but increased the INA in C-fiber unit coincided with large reduction of the INA of $A{\delta}$-fiber units. 5. Monopolar electrical stimulation applied to the crown at intensities high enough to excite C-fibers (12V, 5ms, 10Hz, 10~30min) decreased the INA in $A{\delta}$-fiber units (P<0.01) and systemic pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3mg/kg, i.v.) enhanced this inhibitory effect (P<0.01). On the contrary, electrical stimulation increased the INA in C-fiber unit.