• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.504-511
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education program developed for nutritionally imbalanced adolescents. A summer nutrition camp was held for 23 overweight and 16 underweight subjects. Its effectiveness with regard to was evaluated at the end of the camp and 6 months later. Nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitude, food behavior, nutrient intake, exercise habit and ideal body figures desired by the subjects. The results showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge scores at the end of the camp as compared to those obtained prior to the camp program, and these scores were maintained for at least six months. Nutrition attitude scores also improved after the education program, and these improved scores also lasted for 6 months. However, the food behavior scores measured 6 months after the education program were not significantly different from those obtained prior to the camp. Also, the exorcist habit, the ideal body figures and the body figures desired by the subjects remained unchanged. When nutrient intakes of subjects were assessed before the program and 6 months later, the mean daily vitamin C intake was significantly increased after the education program. Also, the intake of iron from plant food sources increased in the overweight subjects, while less iron from animal source were consumed by the underweight subjects. Both groups tended to consume more vegetables and fruits 6 months after the education program which may have contribute to the higher vitamin C and plant-based iron intakes. These results indicate that a 4-day nutrition education camp program sustained changes in nutrition knowledge and nutrition attitude for 6 months. The increased intake of vegetables and fruits was also achieved through this education program. However, changes in dietary behavior in adolescents may require repeated education. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 504-511, 2003)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium levels on weight gain, nutrient digestibility and the retention of iron, copper and zinc in tissues of growing pigs. A total of one hundred and ninety-two crossbred pigs (barrows, Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshine, 27.67$\pm$1.33 kg of average initial body weight) were randomly allotted to four treatments. Each treatment had three replicates with 16 pigs per pen. The corn-soybean basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg cadmium respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for eight-three days. Cadmium chloride was used as cadmium source. The results showed that pigs fed the diet containing 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had lower ADG and FCR than any other treatments (p<0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein in 10.0 mg/kg cadmium-treated group was lower than that of other groups (p<0.05). There was lower iron retention in some tissues of 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatments (p<0.05). However, pigs fed the diet 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had higher copper content in most tissues than that of any other groups (p<0.05). There was a significantly increase of zinc retention in kidney of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium additional group (p<0.05) and zinc concentrations in lymphaden, pancreas and heart of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatment were lower than those of the control (p<0.05). This study indicated that relatively high cadmium level (10.0 mg/kg) could decrease pig growth performance and change the retention of iron, copper and zinc in most tissues during extended cadmium exposure period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.793-801
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• 1999

The purposes of this study are to assess iron status in mothers and their newborn infants at birth and to analyze the influence of maternal iron status on their newborn babies. Venous bloods samples were drawn from 144 pregnant women just before delivery and cord bloods of their newborn babies were collected immediately after birth for measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, total binding capacity and transferrin saturation. The values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in the mothers(10.9$\pm$1.43g/dl and 33.7$\pm$3.67%) than in their newborn infants(14.7$\pm$1.43g/dl and 45.3$\pm$4.76%)(p<0.0001). At delivery, serum iron levels in cord blood were about twice as high as those in the maternal blood, and serum ferritin levels in the cord blood were about four times higher than those in the maternal blood. The serum ferritin levels of multigravidas were higher than those of primigravidas,. but there was no difference between the serum ferritin levels of their infants. The serum ferritin levels of the mothers and their infants were higher in maternal group with iron supplement regularly than in other maternal group without iron supplement during pregnancy. Among the mothers, 26.4% had a serum ferritin levels below 12ng/ml(i.e. depleted iron stores)and 78.9% had a hemoglobin below 12g/dl(i.e.iron deficient anemia). When the maternal group was classified according to their serum ferritin levels by 9ng/ml, 12ng/dl or 20ng/ml, there was no significant difference in the iron status of their newborn infants among the three groups. The hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels of the mothers were well correlated with those of their babies. The maternal hemoglobin values negatively correlated with infant birth weight. It is possible that the demands of iron of the mother might be increased in the case of a newborn infant of greater size. The results of this study provide useful information regarding establishment of RDA for iron in pregnant women and guidance about the need for iron supplement during pregnancy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1446-1451
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• 2010

Silk sericin protein was hydrolyzed by seven proteolytic enzymes to examine the effectiveness of the hydrolysates to bind iron. The amino acid nitrogen contents of hydrolysates by Flavourzyme were higher than the others enzymes, and its iron binding capacity showed dose-dependent increase. The bioavailability of iron binding peptide from sericin hydolysates was investigated in iron-deficient rats. Three-week-old male rats were fed iron-deficient diet for three weeks. Rats were divided into four groups (DD: no treated group on iron deficient diet, DD+HI: heme-iron treated group, DD+OI: sericin-Fe, and DD+II: inorganic iron ($FeSO_4$) treated group, and then iron supplemented by injection for one week. After oral administration for one week, the iron contents of serum and liver were significantly higher in DD+OI ($4.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $80.1\;{\mu}g/mL$) and DD+HI ($3.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $70.6\;{\mu}g/mL$) than DD ($2.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $47.9\;{\mu}g/mL$). Hemoglobin content of treated groups was significantly higher than DD, but the significant difference among groups was not shown. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not show any significant difference among all groups. Binding iron to peptide from sericin hydolysates seems to improve its bioavailability and to hasten the cure of iron deficiency in experimental rat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.418-428
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• 1990

This study measured each daily intake and excretion of iron copper and cobalt of eight 20-26 years old college men during four weeks by means of analyzing their food intake urine and feces keeping their normal living pattern and maintenance body weight. This study also compared the actual measurement value of iron intake by atomic absorption spectrophoto-meter with the conversion value of it by food table. The results were as follows. Each person's average intake daily was iron 9.19±0.32mg/day, copper 0.56±0.06mg/day and cobalt 1.86±0.18mg/day. Each person's average urinary excretion daily was iron 0.53±0.07mg/day, copper 0.07±0.03mg/day and cobalt 0.13±0.01mg/day. Each person's average fecal excretion daily was iron 1.73±0.14mg/day copper 0.16±0.01mg/day and cobalt 0.46±0.08mg/day. The actual measurement value was 9.19±0.32mg/day and its conversion value 14.07±0.29mg/day : the former was 35% lower than the latter.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 2022

New insights into the aetiology of anaemia in athletes have been discovered in recent years. From hemodilution and redistribution, which are thought to commit to so-called "sports anaemia," to iron deficiency triggered by higher requirements, dietary requirements, decreased uptake, enhanced losses, hemolysis, and sequester, to genetic factors of different types of anaemia (some related to sport), anaemia in athletes necessitates a careful and multisystem methodology. Dietary factors that hinder iron absorption and enhance iron bioavailability (e.g., phytate, polyphenols) should be considered. Celiac disease, which is more common in female athletes, may be the consequence of an iron deficiency anaemia that is unidentified. Sweating, hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, and intravascular and extravascular hemolysis are all ways iron is lost during strength training. In training, evaluating the iron status, particularly in athletes at risk of iron deficiency, may work on improving iron balance and possibly effectiveness. Iron status is influenced by a healthy gut microbiome. To eliminate hemolysis, athletes at risk of iron deficiency should engage in non-weight-bearing, low-intensity sporting activities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 1982

The nutritional survey and blood sampling was conducted from May 23 to 27, 1971, in order to investigate the state of the nutritional intake in relation to blood contents of rural women. This survey covered a total of 47 women residing in Youngam-gun, Cholla-namdo, Korea. The daily diet of these subjects was observed by 24-hour recall method and weighing method for 3 days and hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit(Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum protein, serum albumin, A/G ratio, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), serum cholesterol and blood specific gravity (SG) were measured. The results were summarized as follows ; The rate of intake of vegetable foods was high, especially cereals, and that of animal foods was low, especially eggs and milk and milk products. The daily intake of niacin was sufficient, and the intakes of energy and iron were also tend to be adequate. On the contrary, the intakes of vitamin A, $B_2$ and C, calcium and protein were insufficient. The mean red blood cell number was $410.8{\pm}26.4{\times}10^{4}/mm^{3},$ the mean values of Hb, Hct and MCHC were $12.5{\pm}0.9gm%$, $37.5{\pm}2.4%$ and $33.2{\pm}0.5%$ thus the anemic prevalences were 21.3%, 12.8% and 93.6% comparing with the anemic criteria of WHO. The levels of serum protein and serum albumin were $7.1{\pm}0.4gm\;%$ and $4.3{\pm}0.3gm\;%$so the A/G ratio was indicated $1.6{\pm}0.2.$. The levels of serum iron and TIBC were $91.9{\pm}27.5{\mu}g/100ml and $297.5{\pm}31.4{\mu}g/100ml,$ so TS was calculated $31.2{\pm}9.7\;%$. The mean value of SG was $1.044{\pm}0.002,$ and the level of serum cholesterol was $164.3{\pm}25.4mg/dl$. In the relation between each of bloood content, Hb showed positive correlation not only with Hct but also protein at the level of significance of 1 per cent and 5 per cent, and protein also showed a positive correlation with serum cholesterol at the 1 per cent level of significance. In the relation between the nutrient intake and blood contents, vitamin C intake showed a positive correlation with Hb, serum protein and serum iron at the level of significance of 1 per cent, iron intake also showed a positive correlation with serum iron and serum cholesterol at the same significant level, and protein intake showed a positive correlation with serum iron at the at the level of significance of 5 per cent.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2003

The effect of dietary supplementation of the two oriental medicinal prescriptions, Sypjeondaebotang or Jahyulyanggeuntang, on iron bioavailability was evaluated in rats which were depleted of iron by being fed an irondeficient diet for 4 weeks. Seventy two iron-depleted rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 24) , and fld one of the following experimental diets for 4 (n = 8), 12 (n = 8), and 25 days (n = 8) : Control diet (CD), Sypjeondaebotang-supplemented diet (SD), Jahyulyanggeuntang -supplemented diet (JD). The CD contained 20 mg Fe/kg diet as FeSO4, and the SD or JD was identical except that the respective oriental medicinal prescription extract was included at the level of 4 g/kg diet. Animals fed the SD and JD for 25 days consumed significantly less food (p＜0.001), but showed no change in food efficiency ratio compared to those that were fed the CD. Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation values were significantly higher in rats fed the SD for 25 days compared to those that were fed the CD for the same period (p < 0.05). The values of serum UIBC (p < 0.05) and TIBC (p > 0.05) were lower in rats fed the SD compared to those fed the CD. Dietary supplementation of Sypjeondaebotang during the period of iron repletion significantly increased blood levels of hemoglobin (p < 0.05) and hematocrit (p < 0.01) measured at day 12, and increased mean corpuscular volume (p < 0.05) measured at day 25, compared to the values for the CD rats. Regression analyses of hemoglobin-repletion bioassay data from rats fed the SD and JD showed the relative biological values of 123% and 99%, respectively, calculated against the slope for the CD rats. Apparent iron absorption and retention values were also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed the SD for 25 days than those for the CD rats. Based on the results from diverse biochemical indices of iron status and the chemical balance study, the effect of Jahyulyanggeuntang on iron bioavailability appears to be less prominent than that for Sypjeondaebotang. Taken together, these results indicate that Sypjeondaebotang has a positive effect in restoring iron depletion by increasing the iron bioavailability in rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1970

Nutritional anemias are an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Many reports on investigations of nutritional anemias have been published and there is good evidence that prevalence of iron deficiency anemias in vulnerable groups is high in many areas of the world. However, there is a general lack of accurate data on its prevalence throughout the world. Methods used to measure different factors have been variable and often of poor quality. Furthermore recent comparison of values obtained in different laboratories have shown a much greater discrepancy in iron binding capacity measurements as compared with serum iron determinations. Since the major cause of these differences appears related to the technique employed, the efforts of the central laboratory will be directed initially to standardization of methodology. My laboratory has been joined interlaboratory comparison of WHO studies of iron standardization. The determination of serum iron, iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation was done on healthy adults, 79 males and 20 females, who visited hospital for health certificate from January to July 1970. The serum iron was determined by the method of modification of Bothwell and Mallett and total iron blinding capacity by Ramsay method and Bothwell and Mallett method. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The serum iron concentration of seventy nine adult male by the method presented is $131.5{\pm}37.3{\mu}g/100ml\;(range\;52.5{\sim}225.0{\mu}g/100ml)$ and of twenty female adult is $108.5{\pm}40.2{\mu}g/100ml\;(range\;45.0{\sim}202.5{\mu}g/100ml)$. 2) The adult male level of serum iron-binding capacity is $330.9{\pm}48.9{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;adult\;female\;is\;291.2{\pm}55.2{\mu}g/100ml$. 3) The transferring saturation of healthy male is $35.6{\pm}12.8%\;(range\;15.1{\sim}18.0%)\;and\;of\;female\;as\;25.4{\pm}12.4%\;(range\;10.1{\sim}60.0)$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.575-583
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status of Korean institutionalized was designed. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighting in the breakfast or/and dinner, and record interview in lunch (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing cereal for 4 weeks in 24 children of 1 institution from 4 to 12 years. The children received 3.6mg elemental Fe(as 100g cereal) per day. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of Korean RDA were Vit A, Vit B1, Vit B2, Ca and Fe. The mean daily intakes of iron were 5.1mg for male and 4.9mg for female and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportions of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC(>360mg/dl) and serum ferritin(<20ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportions of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron(<70ml/dl), Hb(<12g/dl), and Hct(<36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, and 64.0%, respectively. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, levels of Hct(p<0.001), serum iron(p<0.001) and transferrin saturation(p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoeisis was more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.