• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW> $120\%$) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 $\pm$ 129.8 kcal ($100.8\%$ of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 $\pm$ 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 $\pm$ 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 $\pm$ 8.0 kg to 69.2 $\pm$ 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 $\pm$ 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin $D_3$ level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1993

This study was examined on the change of mineral contents (Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium Zinc, Iron, Sodium, Phosphorus) in Sam-gye-tang broth cooked by various cooker and boiling time. The results were as follows; 1) In cauldron, the contents of Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium Zinc Iron Sodium, Phosphorus were increased in proportion to boiling time. In pressure cooker, the contents of Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc are increased according to boiling time but the contents of Iron, Sodium, Phosphorus were showed the maxium value at 120 minutes and were decreased since then. 2) Ca/P was 1:0.91 in raw materials of Sam-gye-tang. But the extracting rate of Ca/P of the broth cooked in cauldron was 1:3.58∼1:4.68 and 1:2.02∼l:3.96 in pressure cooker. This rate was quite different from the recommended one of 1:1∼l:1.5. 3) In the increasing rate of minerals according to boiling time, the increasing rate of Calcium was showed similar in cauldron and pressure cooker, but Potassium, Magnesium, Sodium, Phosphorus were showed the maximum increasing rate from 30 to 60 minutes in cauldron and pressue cooker. Zinc was showed the maximum increasing rate from 120 to 150 minutes in cauldron and from 30 to 60 minutes in pressure cooker.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 1983

This experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of several levels of cadmium on growth and some mineral concentrations in the serum, tibia and teeth of rats. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Growth rate was significantly decreased as the feeding level of cadmium increased, especially body weight in the 40 ppm level was greatly reduced than that of initial body weight. The weight of liver was increased in 40 ppm group as a result of edema. But the weight of kidney, heart, spleen, lung and testis was not affected. The cadmium concentration of serum was higher in rats receiving 40 ppm than that of other levels, and the concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium were decreased as the cadmium content of drinking water increased. The cadmium and phosphorus contents of tibia were greatly high in the 40 ppm level, but the content of iron copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium and ash tended to be decreased with increasing level of cadmium. The cadmium concentration of teeth was predominantly high compared with that of the serum and tibia. Also, the concentration of iron, copper and zinc tended to be dedrased with increasing cadmium level, but the contents of magnesium, calcium and ash tended to be increased.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2003

The chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of green tea extracts in medilite-extraction water were compared to that of distilled water(DW). Antioxidant activity was fetermined by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in rat liver homogenates and microsomes and the scavenging activity of free radicals by DPPH ($\alpha$, $\alpha$'-diphenyl-$\beta$-picrylhydrazyl). The order of total polyphenolic compounds and extracted yield by extracts was medilite 325 mesh-extraction water, medilite 600 mesh-extraction water and distilled water(DW). The ranges of scavenging activity of green tea extracts in DPPH method were 60.95% - 64.51%. The inhibition ratios of TBARS formation in the rat liver homogenates and microsomal fractions were significantly lower with green tea extracts by DW-extraction than with both medilite 325 mesh and 600 mesh-extraction water. The concentration of iron ion of water containing medilite 325 mesh and green tea extracts and of water containing medilite 600 mesh and green tea extracts were significantly higher compared to DW. Therefore, this result suggested that enhanced concentration of iron ion in green tea extracts by medilite-extraction water containing high iron ion content was associated with enhanced peroxidation of the rat liver microsomal fractions. These results showed that total polyphenolic compounds, the % of yield and mineral compounds of green tea extracts were increased using medilite 325 mesh and 600 mesh-extraction water.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2010

Se and Fe are trace minerals acting as antioxidant scavenging free radicals. Iron deficiency is the most frequently reported nutritional deficiency in females. Body iron status are known to be dependent not only upon dietary iron intake, but also upon micro-mineral nutrition and obesity. Antioxidants such as selenium are reported to play an important role on the regulation of erythropoiesis by protecting RBC membrane from antioxidative damage. In this study, iron status in young females and its relationships with selenium status and physique were examined. Serum selenium and iron concentrations were measured by HANARO research reactor using neutron activation analysis method (NAA-method). The proportion with iron deficiency and anemia were 27.1% and 8.6%, respectively in young females, but the proportion with iron deficient anemia was 1.4%. The mean serum selenium level was $12.0\;{\mu}g/dL$ and in normal range in the young women. The study participants were tertiled according to BMI and serum selenium levels. Serum ferritin and iron levels inclined with increasing BMI tertiles. Serum iron and RBC count were higher in middle selenium group than low selenium group. Individuals had significantly lower hematocrit level in the lowest tertile for their serum selenium levels compared with the highest tertile. The serum ferritin level was predicted 25% by BMI and RBC count 26.2% by the serum selenium level and body fat%. In conclusion, this study shows that body iron status in young adult females are influenced by obesity and body selenium status.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.721-728
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• 1994

The objective of this research is to analyze whether the ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag, by-product of industry in domestic iron-foundary, can be useful as a mineral admixture for concrete by investigating physical and chemical property. In addition, according to making an fundamental experiment on mortar and concrete mixed with GGBF slag to some grade, examining the consistency, the compressive strength and the resistance to sulfate attack of concrete and mortar, the acquired results are that the compressive strength was increased and the resistance to sulfate attack was predominant.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-28
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• 1994

The Anyang Feldspar Mine is located in Seoksu Dong, Anyang City, Kyeonggi Do, Korea and has a long exploitation record that is once produced high grade sodium feldspars, for glaze. Geologically, This area is mainly composed of Mesozoic Jurassic biotite granite (Anyang granite) which intruded Precambrian Kyeonggi Gneiss Complex outcroped near the mining area. The deposit is localized on the southwest hill side of Anyang granite batholith and is confined in hydrothemal alteration zone formed by sodium-rich alkali hydrothermal fluids along the fractures of leucocratic granite showing later differentiation facies in the biotite granite. The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by albitization, sericitization, and desilication. The microscopic observation and EPMA, XRD analysis of the feldspar ores show that major minerals are albite and quartz and accessory minerals are orthoclase and sericite, and they are rarely associated with perthite, fluorite, zircon, kaolinite, molybdenite, microcline and iron-oxide. In the REE pattern, the strong negative Eu anomalies of the feldspar ores indicate the influence of feldspar fractionation and show similiar pattern of the host leucocratic granite. The filling temperature of quartz crystals in ore zone ranges from $276^{\circ}C$ to $342^{\circ}C$, and it is inferred that the alteration occurred by the hypothermal solution.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1995

Geochemistry of stream water and sediment collected in the vicinity of the Donghae coal mine in the Samchuk coalfied were investigated in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of acid mine drainage. The pH of stream water ranges from 2.85(at 2 km away from the mine) to 7.92(at uncontaminated tributary). The main cation and anion species in the upper stream are $Ca^{2+}$ and $SO_{4}{^2-}$, respectively. The level of pH and the amount of $HCO^{3-}$ in stream water increase to the downstream and where uncontaminated small tributaries are joining, and in the area covered with limestone. From the results of thermodynamic calculation, the main forms of iron in stream water are estimated as $Fe^{2+}$ and $FeSO_{4}{^0}$, and most of them could be precipitated as FeO(OH) with increase of pH. The white precipitates in stream sediments particularly found around the coal mine are proved to be $Al(OH)_3$ by XRD and XRF analysis. As a result of investigation for seasonal variation of AMD, the level of pH decreased and conductivity increased in dry season.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1982

Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 was grown on media containing starch solely as carbon source, urea as nitrogen source and minerals including magnesium, calcium and iron of different concentration. The ratio of nonpolar and polar lipid of the total lipid produced by the Muror plumbeus FRI 0007 changed by minerals added in the medium and incubation period. The nonpolar lipid content was higher on the medium containing only one mineral rather than 5 minerals and the nonpolar lipid consisted mainly of trig1yceride, free fatty acid and free sterol. The triglyceride content was higher on the medium containing one mineral and decreased with the incubation time lapse. The major fatty acid composition of total, nonpolar and polar lipid were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acid which comprised about 90% of total fatty acids and their compositions changed slightly depending on the minerals added in the medium.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The Republic of Korea (South) and the Peaples Republic of Korea (North) had agreed to exploit the North Korean rich natural resources starting from the year of 2006. Through this mutual agreement DPRK shall quarantee ROK's investment in the North Korean Mines and supply mineral products for the compasation of the financial investment supported by ROK. In the area of northern part of Korea, many kind of natural resources such as Magnesite, Iron, Gold & Silver, Copper, Lead & Zinc, and Coal are plentifully deposited. In the area of southern part of Korea, however, most kind of natural resources have been exhausted and so presently major minerals such as Gold & Silver, Copper, Lead & Zinc and Coal are being imported and relying on foreign countries in whole quantity of the requirement. On the other hand Northern Part of Korea is making very slow progress in mining and exploitation owing to the lack of investment even though there are rich deposits of natural resources. And in Southern Part of Korea, they have most advanced production facilities and technologies in the world in the fields of Mineral Floatation, Steel Manufacturing, Nonferrous Metal Smelting & Refining and those plants fabrications. A combination of Southern Technologies together with Financial Support and Northern rich natural resources & Labour Power will be a most hopeful, desirable and mutually required 'South-North economic Cooperation' as the mining industries are labour intensive.