• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.447-469
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• 2011

The flora of Bongamsa (Temple) area, Mungyeong were listed 552 taxa; 99 families, 303 genera, 468 species, 1 subspecies, 70 varieties and 13 forms. Based on the rare plants (IUCN), total 12 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Polypodiaceae), Eranthis stellata (Ranunculaceae), Cnidium tachiroei (Umbelliferae), Monotropa hypopithys (Pyrolaceae), Rhododendron micranthum (Ericaceae), Salvia chanroenica (Labiatae), Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae), etc. Based on the endemic plants, total 11 taxa; Asarum chungbuensis, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis maculata, Lonicera subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Saussurea seoulensis, etc. Based on the specific plants by floral region were total 48 taxa (8.7% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants); 2 taxa in class V, 5 taxa (Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Wistaria floribunda, Elsholtzia angustifolia, etc.) in class IV, 10 taxa (Betula davurica, Spiraea chinensis, Acer barbinerve, Vaccinium koreanum, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, etc.) in class III, 7 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola orientalis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Melica nutans, Veratrum parulum, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus, Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Triadenum japonica, Lobelia sessilifolia, etc.) in class I. Based on the naturalized plants, total 21 taxa (Silene armeria, Oenothera lamarckiana, Symphytum officinale, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc.) and naturalization rate was 3.8% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants. The flora of importance in the Bongamsa, rare plants were Crypsinus hastatus, Eranthis stellata, Gastrodia elata, Monotropa uniflora, Monotropa hypopithys, Rhododendron micranthum and Cnidium tachiroei, Iris ensata var. spontanea in intermediate marsh and alien species classify into planted species of Bongamsa, area for investigation of afforestation and artificial forests, introduced of naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.498-515
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• 2011

The flora of Juwangsan National Park was surveyed. The field works was done for seven times from March to October 2008. Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in Juwangsan National Park were found to be Hylotelephium ussuriense (KOM.) H. OHBA, Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Iris odaesanensis Y.N.LEE and Acanthopanax senticosus (RUPR. et MAX.) HARMS, Lilium cernum KOM., Thalictrum coreanum LEV.(7 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 88 taxa; that is, degree V species (8 family 9 taxa) were containing as Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Lilium cernum KOM., etc, degree IV species (4 family 5 taxa) were Cimicifuga heracleifolia KOM., Anemone reflexa STEPH. et WILLD., Patrinia rupestris JUSS., etc, degree III species (16 family 18 taxa) were containing; Pyrrosia petiolosa (CHRIST.et BARONI) CHING, Exochorda serratifolia S. MOORE., Aristolochia manshuriensis KOM., etc, degree II species (14 family 18 taxa) were Paeonia japonica MIYABE et TAKEDA, Isopyrum raddeanum (REGEL) MAX., Cypripedium macramthum SW., etc and degree I species (30 family 38 taxa) were Botrychium virginianum (L.) SW., Chloranthus japonicus SIEB., Dictamnus dasycarpus TURCZ., etc. 15 taxa that included Salix hulteni FLODERUS, Celtis choseniana NAKAI, Clematis trichotoma NAKAI, Vicia venosissima NAKAI, etc. were found to be endemic to korea and 21 taxa that included ; Bilderdykia dumetora (L.) DUM., Bilderdykia convolvulus DUM., Lepidium apetalum WILLD., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Symphytum offcinale L., Hibiscus trionum L. etc. were identified as naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

To develope wild flower collected from Chollabuk-do area resource plant species were investigated from May 1996 to April 1997. This study was focussed to make the basic data for better quality of breeding species from wild flower species and to keep proper gene pool for development with competitive power internationally in future. There was 131 species blooming in spring season(34.7%), 219 species in summer(58.1%), 25 species in autumn(6.6%) and 2 species in winter(0.5%), respectively. Flower color of all the plants was 26 kinds in diverse, among them, white flowers were occupied dominantly of 28.9%, yellow flowers, 20.7%, violet flowers, 16.4% and red purple flowers, 7.9%, respectively. Transplanted wild flower plants at the garden in the study area frequently were Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris nertschinskia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Pulsatilla koreana, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Taraxacum platycarpum, Chrysanthemum boreale, Liriope platyphylla and Lycoris radiata. Twenty-six species of wild flowers such as Cymbidium goeringii, H. fulva, L. radiata, C. zawadskii var. latilobum, etc. were collected from their habitat and being selling at the market or road side. Total 343 taxa of wild flowers to prevent carrying out to foreign countries and to improve better quality were selected and recommended in this study, for example, they were 41 taxa of Compositae plant, 25 of Rosaceae, 20 of Liliaceae and 18 of Ranunculaceae in order. Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Cypripedium japonicum, C. macranthum, Calanthe discolor, Dicentra spectabilis, Ilex cornuta, Stewartia koreana, Abeliophyllum distichum, Forsythia saxatilis and Campanula glomerata var. dahurica should be protected as wild flowers because their numbers are decreasing remarkably, belong to rare species, being at a crisis to extinct species and important plants for research materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 1997

This paper was focused on the efficient management of landscape woody plants, and concerned itself with their important role in the urban environment. Based on the philosophy that there is nothing that can be done without an inventory, the purpose of this study was to develop an inventory system and iris proper application to a site for establishing a management plan Two different approaches were used, The first was to make a newly structured inventory system through collecting, analyzing, and evaluating various types of inventories used in Korea, the U. S. A., and Japan. The second approach was to apply a newly designed inventory system to the case study area. using GIS 'as a tool of spacial analysis and statistics for making decisions. The results could be summarized as follows; 1. In Korea, most of the Landscape Woozy Plants Inventories had datas which represented possession of trees, and only the work which they had done according to their traditional ways, There was no data related to the conditions, management needs, and site conditions of individual trees, This is essential information for organizing an inventory system . 2. There needs to be data which is balanced, containing tree characteristics and site characteristics. Through such information the management needs could be adjusted properly. The inventory list described in this paper was determined by botanical identity, placement condition, condition of tree, and types of work for maintaining as well as improving the condition of each tree One of the most important things was to determine the location data of each tree so as to compare data with other trees. The data gained from the field survey still had some problems because of lack of scientific method for supporting objective views, and because of actual situations, especially in the field of evaluating site conditions and management needs. All data should be revised to fit a computer data management system , if possible 3. The GIS(Geographic Information System) application showed good performance in handling inventory data for decision making. All the data used for the GIS application was divided into location and non-spatial data. Using the location data, it was easy to find the exact location of each tree on the monitor and on the maps generated by the computer even in the actual managed trite, along with various attribute data. Therefore it could be said that the entire management plan should start from data of individual trees with their exact locations, for making concrete management goals through actual budget planning.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.432-461
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• 1995

The basic principles in the design of Class II amalgam cavity preparations have been modified but not changed in essence over the last 90 years. The early essential principle was "extension for prevention". Most of the modifications have served to reduce the extent of preparation and, thus, increase the conservation of sound tooth structure. A more recent concept relating to conservative Class II cavity preparations involves elimination of occlusal preparation if no carious lesion exists in this area. To evaluate the ideal ClassII cavity preparation design, if carious lesion exists only in the interproximal area, three cavity design conditions were studied: Rodda's conventional cavity, simple proximal box cavity and proximal box cavity with retention grooves. In this study, MO amalgam cavity was prepared on maxillary first premolar. Three dimensional finite element models were made by serial photographic method. Linear, eight and six-nodal, isoparametric brick elements were used for the three dimensional finite element model. The periodontal ligament and alveolar bone surrounding the tooth were excluded in these models. Three types model(B option, Gap option and R option model) were developed. B option model was assumed perfect bonding between the restoration and cavty wall. Gap option model(Gap distance: $2{\mu}m$) was assumed the possibility of play at the interface simulated the lack of real bonding between the amalgam and cavity wall (enamel and dentin). R option model was assumed non-connection between the restoration and cavty wall. A load of 500N was applied vertically at the first node from the lingual slope of the buccal cusp tip. This study analysed the displacement, 1 and 2 direction normal stress and strain with FEM software ABAQUS Version 5.2 and hardware IRIS 4D/310 VGX Work-station. The results were as followed. 1. Rodda's cavity form model showed greater amount of displacement with other two models. 2. The stress and strain were increased on the distal marginal ridge and buccopulpal line angle in Rodda's cavity form model. 3. The stress and strain were increased on the central groove and a part of distal marginal ridge in simple proximal box model and proximal box model with retention grooves. 4. With Gap option, Rodda's cavity form model showed the greatest amount of the stress on distal marginal ridge followed by proximal box model with retention grooves and simple proximal box model in descending order. 5. With Gap option, simple proximal box model showed greater amount of stress on the central groove with proximal box model with retention grooves. 6. Retention grooves in the proximal box played the role of supporting the restorations opposing to loads.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2016

Background: Pectus excavatum (PE) and pectus carinatum (PC) are the most common chest wall deformities. In this study, we aimed to characterize how patients obtained information about these deformities, as well as patients' family history, associated medical problems, and postoperative satisfaction after the Nuss and Abramson procedures. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included patients who were operated by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2013. Follow-up calls were made after approval of our institution's ethics committee. We reached 207 of the 336 PE patients (61.6%) and 73 of the 96 PC patients (76%). Results: The majority of the patients were male (85% of the PE patients and 91.8% of the PC patients). The age of diagnosis of PE was $14.52{\pm}0.51years$ and the age at the time of operation was $17.89{\pm}0.42years$; for PC patients, the corresponding ages were $15.23{\pm}0.55years$ and $16.77{\pm}0.55years$, respectively. A total of 70% of the PE patients and 63.8% of the PC patients obtained information about pectus deformities through the Internet. In 27.1% of the PE patients with an associated anomaly, 57.1% (n=13) had scoliosis, while 41.1% of the PC patients with an associated anomaly had kyphosis (n=5). Postoperative satisfaction, as evaluated on a scale from 0 to 10, was $8.17{\pm}0.15$ for PE patients and $8.37{\pm}0.26$ for PC patients. The postoperative pain duration was $51.93{\pm}5.18days$ for PE patients and $38.5{\pm}6.88days$ for PC patients. Conclusion: In this study, we found that most patients with pectus deformities were male. The Internet was an important resource for patients to learn about their deformities. Family history and associated anomalies were identified as important aspects for consideration in the clinical setting. The patients reported high levels of postoperative satisfaction, and pain management was found to be one of the most important elements of postoperative care.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.504-514
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• 2004

This study compared the dentin shear bond strengths of currently used dentin bonding agents that were irradiated with an LED (Elipar FreeLight, 3M-ESPE) and a halogen light (VIP, BISCO). The optical characteristics of two light curing units were evaluated. Extracted human third molars were prepared to expose the occlusal dentin and the bonding procedures were performed under the irradiation with each light curing unit. The dentin bonding agents used in this study were Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE), Single Bond (3M ESPE), One-Step (Bisco), Clearfil SE bond (Kuraray), and Adper Prompt (3M ESPE), The shear test was performed by employing the design of a chisel-on-iris supported with a Teflon wall. The fractured dentin surface was observed with SEM to determine the failure mode. The spectral appearance of the LED light curing unit was different from that of the halogen light curing unit in terms of maximum peak and distribution. The LED LCU (maximum peak in 465 nm) shows a narrower spectral distribution than the halogen LCU (maximum peak in 487 nm). With the exception of the Clearfil SE bond (P < 0.05), each 4 dentin bonding agents showed no significant difference between the halogen light-cured group and the LED light-cured group in the mean shear bond strength (P > 0.05). The results can be explained by the strong correlation between the absorption spectrum of camphoroquinone and the narrow emission spectrum of LED.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1007-1017
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• 2019

Currently, most biometrics system authenticates users by using single biometric information. This method has many problems such as noise problem, sensitivity to data, spoofing, a limitation of recognition rate. One method to solve this problems is to use multi biometric information. The multi biometric authentication system performs information fusion for each biometric information to generate new information, and then uses the new information to authenticate the user. Among information fusion methods, a score-level fusion method is widely used. However, there is a problem that a normalization operation is required, and even if data is same, the recognition rate varies depending on the normalization method. A rank-level fusion method that does not require normalization is proposed. However, a existing rank-level fusion methods have lower recognition rate than score-level fusion methods. To solve this problem, we propose a rank-level fusion method with higher recognition rate than a score-level fusion method using correlation coefficient. The experiment compares recognition rate of a existing rank-level fusion methods with the recognition rate of proposed method using iris information(CASIA V3) and face information(FERET V1). We also compare with score-level fusion methods. As a result, the recognition rate improve from about 0.3% to 3.3%.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

As mobile technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart homes and financial technologies (FinTech) are developed, authentication by smart devices is used everywhere. As a result, presence-based biometric authentication using smart devices has become a new mainstream in knowledge-based authentication methods like the existing passwords. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is less prone to forgery, and high-level personal identification is its unique feature from among various biometric authentication methods, such as the pulse, fingerprints, the face, and the iris. Biometric authentication using an ECG is receiving a great deal of attention due to its uses in healthcare and FinTech. In this study, we implemented an ECG authentication system that allows users to easily measure and authenticate their ECG waveforms using a miniaturized wearable device, rather than a large and expensive measurement device. The implemented ECG authentication system identifies ECG features through P-Q-R-S-T feature point identification, and was user-certified under the proposed authentication protocols. Finally, assessment of measurements in a majority of adult males showed a relatively low false acceptance rate of 1.73%, and a low false rejection rate of 4.14%, in a stable normal state. In a high-activity state, the false acceptance rate was 13.72%, and the false rejection rate was 21.68%. In a high-heart rate state, the false acceptance rate was 10.48%, and the false rejection rate was 11.21%.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.144-149
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• 2012

Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) has successfully installed two autonomous very broadband three-component seismic stations at the King George Island (KGI), Antarctica, during the 24th KOPRI Antarctic Summer Expedition (2010 ~ 2011). The seismic observation system is originally designed by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Instrument Center, which is fully compatible with the Polar Earth Observing Network seismic system. The installation is to achieve the following major goals: 1. Monitoring local earthquakes and icequakes in and around the KGI, 2. Validating the robustness of seismic system operation under harsh environment. For further intensive studies, we plan to move and install them adding a couple more stations at ice shelf system, e.g., Larsen Ice Shelf System, Antarctica, in 2013 to figure out ice dynamics and physical interaction between lithosphere and cryosphere. In this article, we evaluate seismic station performance and characteristics by examining ambient noise, and provide operational system information such as frequency response and State-Of-Health information.