• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2006

We patterned nano-width lines on a super hard bulk diamond substrate by varying the ion beam current and ion beam sources with a dual beam field ion beam (FIB). In addition, we successfully fabricated two-dimensional nano patterns and three-dimensional nano plate modules. We prepared nano lines on a diamond and a silicon substrate at the beam condition of 30 kV, 10 pA $\sim$ 5 nA with $Ga^+$ ion and $H_2O$ assisted ion sources. We measured each of the line-width, line-depth, etched line profiles, etch rate, and aspect ratio, and then compared them. We confirmed that nano patterning was possible on both a bulk diamond and a silicon substrate. The etch rate of $H_2O$ source can be enhanced about two times than that of Ga source. The width of patterns on a diamond was smaller than that on a silicon substrate at the same ion beam power The sub-100 nm patterns on a diamond were made under the charge neutralization mode to prevent charge accumulation. We successfully made a two-dimensional, 240 nm-width text of the 300-lettered Lord's Prayer on a gem diamond with 30 kV-30 pA FIB. The patterned text image was readable with a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, three dimensional nano-thick plate module fabrication was made successfully with an FIB and a platinum deposition, and electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) analysis was easily performed with the prepared nano plate module.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.26-33
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• 2022

Owing to the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is required in future. A pyrometallurgical treatment is appropriate for recycling a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries, but Li loss to slag and dust present a significant challenge. This research investigated carbonation roasting and water leaching behaviors in Li-ion batteries by graphite addition to recover Li from the NCM-based cathode materials of waste Li-ion batteries. When 10 wt% of graphite was added, CO and CO₂ gases were emitted with a rapid weight reduction at apporoximately 850 K, when heated in Ar and CO₂ atmosphere. After the rapid weight reduction, NCM was decomposed and reduced to metal oxides and pure metals. In the carbonation roasting of black powder (NCM+graphite), O₂ is generated via the decomposition of NCM, and an oxides, such as Li₂O and NiO were were also generated. Subsequently, Li₂O reacts with CO₂ to generate Li₂CO₃, and a part of NiO was reduced by graphite to produce metal Ni. In addition, up to 94.5 % Li₂CO₃ with ~99.95 % purity was recovered via water leaching after carbonation roasting.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.364-370
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• 2001

The corrosion behaviors of reinforcing steels were investigated under chloride ion contained in cement mortar including gypsum by the implementation of half cell potential measurement, EPMA analysis, exterior features, weight loss and extraction experiment. The acceleration test equipment accelerated corrosion of mild steel bar in a short period of time. From observing the exterior features and weight loss, we could evaluate the measure of corrosion. Also, from the extraction experiment of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ with $Cl^-$ ions contained in the ceramic mortar, we concluded that ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion affected more on the corrosion mechanism in comparison to pH.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 1993

Experimental studies were done to know effect of insensible water loss of Hwangkitang(HKT) in mice. After administration of extract of HKT to the mice, changes of body temperature, body weight, serum Sodium and chloride ion was measured. And sametime, serum antibody to SRBC, delayed hypersensitivity and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN) was measured to know immunologic effect. The results obtained as follows; 1. After exposure to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, increment of body temperature in treated group was slower than control group during first 40 minute, and no difference after 40 minute. 2. After exposured to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, decrement of body weight in treated group except administration group of 1.0g/kg extract of HKT was slower than control group during first 40 minute, and no difference after 40 minute. 3. After exposured to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, decrement of body weight in administration group of 4.0g/kg extract of HKT to mice was slower than control group during first 20 minute(p<0.005). 4. After exposure to $40^{\circ}C$ environment there was no stastical difference between treated group and control group in changes of serum sodium and chloride ion. 5. There was no statistical differences between treated group and control group in changes of serum antibody, delayed hypersensitivity and phagocytic activity of PMN.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

An integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometric sensor operating at 632.8 nm was designed and fabricated by the technology of planar rib waveguides. Rib waveguide based on silica system ($SiO_2-SiO_xN_y-SiO_2$) was geometrically designed to have single mode operation and high sensitivity. It was structured by semiconductor fabrication processes such as thin film deposition, photolithography, and RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). With the power observation, propagation loss measurement by cut-back method showed about 4.82 dB/cm for rib waveguides. Additionally the chromium mask process for an etch stop was employed to solve the core damaging problem in patterning the sensing zone on the chip. Refractive index measurement of water/ethanol mixture with this device finally showed a sensitivity of about $\pi$/($4.04{\times}10^{-3}$).

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2023

Corrosion management of an aircraft and its engine relies on rinsing and cleaning using tap water. Few studies have reported effects of tap water species on corrosion behaviors of structural materials. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted based on the design of experiment. Solutions with different levels of chloride and sulfate ions were prepared using a full factorial design. Two structural materials (aluminum alloy and steel) were used for an alternate immersion test. Weight loss was then measured. In addition, a silver specimen was utilized as a sensor for chloride deposition measurement. The silver specimen was examined using the electrochemical reduction method, XPS, and SEM-EDS. Surface analysis revealed that levels of chloride and sulfate ions were sufficient for the formation of silver chloride and silver surface. Statistical analysis of weight loss and chloride deposition rate showed significant differences in measured values. Concentration of chloride ions greatly affected corrosion behaviors of structural materials. Sulfate ion hindered the adsorption reaction. These results emphasize the importance of controlling ion concentration of tap water used for cleaning and rinsing an aircraft.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.450-452
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• 2022

Recently, various machine learning algorithms have been actively applied to the field of livestock research, including genetic analysis, and have drawn noteworthy results. In this study, the statistical characteristics of meat color, hydrogen ion concentration, water holding capacity (WHC), shear force, and grilling loss that affect the quality of Hanwoo beef are examined using the Hanwoo beef data collected in various environments. Moreover, the prediction of meat quality is also investigated using the two machine learning algorithms, which are linear regression and regression tree. Analysis results show that meat color has the most significant effect on WHC, which determines the tenderness of beef, and hydrogen ion concentration significantly influences shear force and grilling loss. Through this study, we can confirm the applicability of machine learning algorithms in the research on the quality of Hanwoo beef. In addition, this study can also be applied to the prediction and improvement of the quality of Hanwoo beef.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

The process of removal of gummy proteinous material sericin from silk is commonly called as degumming loss or boil-off loss ratio. In the present study, the boil-off loss ratio in the cocoon shells of twelve multivoltine${\times}$bivoltine hybrids and their parents were analysed. Inheritance pattern of boil-off loss ratio was analysed in crosses involving high and low boil-off loss parents, F$_1$s, F$_2$s and back-crosses by parent off spring regression analysis. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis was also analysed for this character, Highly significant (P＞0.01) variations were observed in eight out of ten multivoltine and two out of five bivoltine parents indicating the presence of genetic variation in the expression of boil-off loss ratio. Among F$_1$ hybrids, ten hybrids expressed significant (P＞0.01) variations when compared with control hybrid PM${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$. Significant negative heterosis was expressed in three multi ${\times}$ bi hybrids viz., BL67${\times}$CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{19}$, which is desirable for this character, whereas expression of heterobeltiosis was significant only with one hybrid, 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ in desired direction. Studies on inheritance pattern showed that the character is heritable and contribution percentage of female and male in the ratio of 50.9: 49.1 and it appears that both the parents are influencing in the expression of boil-on loss ratio in silkworm. Based on the overall performance and evaluation by multiple trait evaluation index and also considering the expression of the boil-off loss ratio three hybrids vix., BL67 ${\times}$ CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ were found superior and recommended for commercial exploitation.n.ion.n.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

When ginseng seedlings are cultured in paddy fields, quality degradation and yield reduction are induced by severe plant loss with chlorosis on leaves occurred physiological disorder by excessive salt and poor drainage, rusty-root occurrence, and root rot etc. Accordingly, in order to solve these problems, this study was performed to investigate the treatment method, concentrations and time of activated ion calcium as environment-friendly agricultural materials. Activated ion calcium is an enriched and purified water-soluble mineral calcium component for absorbing quickly into plant as a highly functional calcium and it is an alkaline calcium of 37% (370 $m{\ell}$/1 ${\ell}$) concentration with pH 13. Treatment method was that ginseng seeds were sown after removing water in the shade after seed immersion for 1 minute with active ion calcium of 20-fold diluted solution, and then irrigated $4{\ell}$ per 3.3 $m^2$ with 200-fold, 400-fold, and 600-fold diluted solution before emergence on late March, and supplied 1 time on leaves with 500-fold diluted solution in June and July respectively. The disease rate by treatment of activated ion calcium was that on the treatment of soil irrigated with 200-fold diluted solution compared to non-treated soil, damping-off was 33%, anthracnose was 100% reduced and the occurrence rate of rusty-root was 30% reduced. In addition, when active ion calcium of 200-fold diluted solution were soil irrigated, first and second grade ginseng were respectively 26% and 22% produced more, compared with control.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.95.1-95.1
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• 2013

The RBSPICE (Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment) is one of five instrument suites onboard the twin Van Allan Probes (or Radiation Belt Storm Probes; RBSP), launched August 30, 2012 by NASA. One of science targets of RBSPICE instrument is to determine "how changes in that ring current affect the creation, acceleration, and loss of radiation belt particles?". For that purpose, it measures ions and electrons simultaneously. Ion's energy range is from ~20 keV to ~1 MeV and electron's energy channel is from ~35 keV to 1 MeV in order to provide supplementary information about the radiation belts. In this paper, we investigate a reliability of the electron flux measured from the RBSPICE by comparing with ECT (The Energetic Particle, Composition and Thermal Plasma Suite) data. We found there is a critical proton contamination problem in the electron channels of ~ 1MeV of RBSPICE observations during one moderate storm event of Sym H ~ -76 nT on March 1, 2013.