• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2009

Purpose: Several therapeutic approaches have been introduced and tried to treat Frey syndrome following parotidectomy. However they were not proved as an effective treatment. A new therapeutic modality using botulinum toxin injections was presented previously by several study groups. But, the duration of the demonstrated positive effect was essentially unknown so far. The purpose of this clinical investigation is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Botulinum toxin type A(BTXA) in patients with Frey syndrome. Methods: For this study, 12 patients were treated, They were assessed with the Minor's iodine-starch test and interviewed before and after treatment. Botulinum toxin is injected with $1.0cm^2$ apart into the skin where symptoms of Frey's syndrome has manifestated. The patients were classified according to the concentration of botulinum toxin and dosage of botulinum toxin. Results: The outcome measures were the time of reappearance of gustatory sweating(subjective study), and the results of an Minor's iodine-starch test(objective study) of 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months after treatment. This treatment was effective in all groups of patients. The concentrations and the amount of dosages did not affect the treatment. But high concentration produced faster effectiveness in subjective. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin type A(BTXA) for Frey syndrome is easy, convenient and effective withouts severe complication. And the patients has no difficulty and limitation in their life.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.458-463
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• 2007

An experimental study on scale-up of Electro-electrodialysis(EED) to increase the efficiency of HI decomposition section in the IS(Iodine-Sulfur) process was carried out. The EED stack extends the effective area of the membrane to 20 times of that formerly used in a single EED unit cell. The experiment was carried out using HIx solution($HI:H_2O:I_2=1:8.4{\sim}9:1.85{\sim}1.9$) at $100^{\circ}C$ and various solution flow rates of 20, 30, 40 and 50 cc/min. The increased HI molality in catholyte after one-pass throughout from the EED stack was 3 mol/kg-$H_2O$, 2.2 mol/kg-$H_2O$, 2 mol/kg-$H_2O$ and 1.37 mol/kg-$H_2O$ at 20, 30, 40 and 50 cc/min, respectively. These values satisfied the target of HI molality(the increase of HI molality: 2 mol/kg-$H_2O$) in the IS process for hydrogen production of 20 L/hr.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 1989

The optimal control of xenon concentration in a nuclear reactor is posed as a linear quadratic regulator problem with state feedback control. Since it is not possible to measure the state variables such as xenon and iodine concentrations directly, implementation of the optimal state feedback control law requires estimation of the unmeasurable state variables. The estimation method used is based on the Luenberger observer. The set of the reactor kinetics equations is a stiff system. This singularly perturbed system arises from the interaction of slow dynamic modes (iodine and xenon concentrations) and fast dynamic modes (neutron flux, fuel and coolant temperatures). The singular perturbation technique is used to overcome this stiffness problem. The observer-based controller of the original system is effected by separate design of the observer and controller of the reduced subsystem and the fast subsystem. In particular, since in the reactor kinetics control problem analyzed in the study the fast mode dies out quickly, we need only design the observer for the reduced slow subsystem. The results of the test problems demonstrated that the state feedback control of the xenon oscillation can be accomplished efficiently and without sacrificing accuracy by using the observer combined with the singular perturbation method.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2004

Both poly(vinyl alcohol)$(PVA)-I_2$ and PVA-dye polarizing film were prepared using PVA with number-average degree of polymerization of 1,700, 2,300, 2,600. The optical property of used dye in this study closed to the that of iodine. The PVA-dye polarizing film was prepared through the dyeing process. In comparison of the result of the measurement of the heat and humidity resistance of two types polarizing films, it of PVA-dye polarizing film was higher than that of a conventional $PVA-I_2$polarizing film. The transmittance and the polarization efficiency of PVA-dye polarizing film was significantly influenced by dye concentration, dipping time, salt concentration, and temperature of dye bath. The PVA-dye polarizing film exhibited a high polarization efficiency of 99.3% and a good transmittance of 42.4%.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 1984

The in vitro activity of penicillins(penicillin G, ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin and cloxacillin) and gentamicin to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitic milk samples was determined. The growth of all isolates of staphylococci tested was inhibited by cloxacillin and methicillin at a concentration of $0.78{\mu}g/ml$ and by gentamicin at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of $1.56{\mu}g/ml$. Of the 140 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated 99(70.7%) gave positive reactions for penicillinase on the starch-iodine test. Of 121 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 58(47.9%) showed penicillinase production, but all the Staph. xylosus lacked the ability to produce penicillinase. MIC of penicillin G of the penicillinase-positive strains was $0.2{\mu}g/ml$ or more. The combination of cloxacillin with gentamicin showed a synergistic effect by inhibiting regrowth of the tested organism.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1992

The effects of $Ca_{2+}$ ion on the formation of micelle colloid of nonionic surfactants, nonylphenol-(ethylene oxide)n [NP-(EO)n: n= 11, 40, 100) were investigated by the iodine solubilization method. The characteristics of spectra depended on the concentration of $Ca_{2+}$ ion and the number of EO unit. Above CMC(critical micelle concentration), the intensity of the CT (charge transfer) band by the addition of $Ca_{2+}$ ion for the NP-(EO)11 and NP-(EO)40 increased and when decreased and for the NP-(EO)In continuously increased. The increase in the intensity of CT band were attributed to the compactness of micelle in the presence of $Ca_{2+}$ ion. These phenomena may be explained by the fact that the linear ethylene oxide (EO) chain, relatively free to assume various configuration in aqueous solution, could form a pseudo-crown ether structures capable of forming complexes with $Ca_{2+}$ ion.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2021

The overestimation and underestimation of the radioactivity concentration of difficult-to-measure radionuclides can occur during the implementation of the scaling factor (SF) method because of the uncertainties associated with sampling, radiochemical analysis, and application of SFs. Strict regulations ensure that the SF method as an indirect method does not underestimate the radioactivity of nuclear wastes; however, there are no clear regulatory guidelines regarding the overestimation. This has been leading to the misuse of the SF methodology by stakeholders such as waste disposal licensees and regulatory bodies. Previous studies have reported instances of overestimation in statistical implementation of the SF methodology. The analysis of the two most popular linear models of the SF methodology showed that severe overestimation may occur and radioactivity concentration data must be dealt with care. Since one major source of overestimation is the use of minimum detectable activity (MDA) values as true activity values, a comparative study of instrumental techniques that could reduce the MDAs was also conducted. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry was recommended as a suitable candidate for the trace level analysis of long-lived beta-emitters such as iodine-129. Additionally, the current status of the United States and Korea was reviewed from the perspective of overestimation.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1119-1129
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• 2018

Objective: To compare the image quality of low-tube-voltage and low-iodine-concentration-contrast-medium (LVLC) computed tomography urography (CTU) with iterative reconstruction (IR) with that of conventional CTU. Materials and Methods: This prospective, multi-institutional, randomized controlled trial was performed at 16 hospitals using CT scanners from various vendors. Patients were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) the LVLC-CTU (80 kVp and 240 mgI/mL) with IR group and 2) the conventional CTU (120 kVp and 350 mgI/mL) with filtered-back projection group. The overall diagnostic acceptability, sharpness, and noise were assessed. Additionally, the mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and figure of merit (FOM) in the urinary tract were evaluated. Results: The study included 299 patients (LVLC-CTU group: 150 patients; conventional CTU group: 149 patients). The LVLC-CTU group had a significantly lower effective radiation dose ($5.73{\pm}4.04$ vs. $8.43{\pm}4.38mSv$) compared to the conventional CTU group. LVLC-CTU showed at least standard diagnostic acceptability (score ${\geq}3$), but it was non-inferior when compared to conventional CTU. The mean attenuation value, mean SNR, CNR, and FOM in all pre-defined segments of the urinary tract were significantly higher in the LVLC-CTU group than in the conventional CTU group. Conclusion: The diagnostic acceptability and quantitative image quality of LVLC-CTU with IR are not inferior to those of conventional CTU. Additionally, LVLC-CTU with IR is beneficial because both radiation exposure and total iodine load are reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.543-550
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• 2014

Fat and fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues are among the major factors influencing meat quality particularly nutritional value and palatability. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of supplementing inorganic selenium (Se), iodine (I) and a combination of both on fatty acid compositions in serum, and supraspinatus (SS), longissimus lumborum (LL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in goats. Twenty-four, 7 to 8 months old, Kacang male goats with a mean live weight of $22.00{\pm}1.17kg$ were individually and randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each for 100 d of feeding prior to slaughter. The animals were offered the same concentrate (basal) diet as 1% of body weight with ad libitum amount of fresh guinea grass. The four groups were as follows: T1 (control) - basal diet without supplementation; T2 - basal diet with 0.6 mg Se/kg DM; T3 - basal diet with 0.6 mg I/kg DM; T4 - basal diet with combination of 0.6 mg Se/kg DM and 0.6 mg I/kg DM. The major fatty acids (FAs) detected in the serum were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n9) and linoleic (C18:2n-6), while the major FAs in the selected muscles were C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9 acids. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) detected in muscles and serum were (CI8:2n-6), linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the concentration of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) among the four groups. PUFA concentrations in the goats supplemented with Se (T2) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the goats of the control group (T1). The PUFA: SFA ratio was significantly higher in the animals supplemented with dietary Se (T2) than those of control ones (T1). It is concluded that dietary supplementation of inorganic Se increased the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle. The supplementation of iodine with or without Se had negligible effects on muscle fatty acid content of Kacang crossbred male goats.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 1995

The crystal structure of an iodine sorption complex of vacumm-dehydrated Ag+ and Ca2+ exchanged zeolite A(a=12.174(3)Å) has been determined at 21℃ by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m. The crystal was prepared by flow method for three days using exchange solution in solution in which mole ratio of AgNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 was 1:150 with total concentration of 0.05 M. The complex was prepared by dehydration at 360℃ and 2×10-6 Torr for 2 days, followed by exposure to about 14.3 Torr of iodine vaporat 80℃ for 24 hours. Full-matrix least-squares refinement converged to the final error indices of R1=0.082, R2=0.068 using 122 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). Two Ag+ ions, 1.1 Ag+ ions, and 4.45 Ca2+ ions per unit cell are located on three different three-fold axes associated with 6-ring oxygens. Two Ag+ ions per unit cell are in the large cavity, 1.399(4)Å from the (111) plane of three oxygens. Another 1.1 Ag+ ions are found at opposite sites. Six iodine molecules are sorbed per unit cell. Each I2 molecule approaches a framework oxide ion axially (O-I=3.43(2)Å, I-I=2.92Å, I-I-O;166.1(3)°), by a charge transfer complex interaction. Two Ag+ ions make a close approach to the iodine molecules (Ag-I ; 2.73(2)Å).