• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.198-201
• /
• 2005

이 연구의 목적은 BUN 및 혈청 creatining, total protein, albumin과 glucose의 장기간에 걸친 개체 내 변이를 산정하여, 각각의 critical difference를 구성하는 것이다. 임상적으로 건강한 20마리의 개에서 일주일에 한번씩 총 8주간 채혈하여, 장기간에 걸친 개체 내 변이를 구하고, critical difference를 산출하였다. BUN은 9.01 mg/dl, 혈청 creatining은 0.52 mg/dl, total protein은 0.99 g/dl, albumin은 0.39 g/dl, glucose는 20.64 mg/dl로 critical difference가 산출되었다. 동일한 개에서 연속적으로 측정된 검사항목 치가 critical value보다 차이가 적으면, 이 차이는 생리적인 변화에 기인한다고 할 수 있으며, critical value보다 차이가 크면, 다른 요인, 즉 질병의 진행이나 다른 동반된 질병의 존재를 의미한다고 할 수 있다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2003

The causative role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human carcinogenesis is undisputed. Measurements of PAH-DNA adduct levels in easily accessible white blood cells therefore represent useful early endpoints in exposure intervention of chemoprevention studies. The successful applicability of DNA adducts as early endpoints depends on several criteria:i.adduct levels in easily accessible surrogate tissues should reflect adduct levels in target-tissues, ii. toxicokinetics and the temporal relevance should be properly defined.iii. sources of inter- and intra-individual variability must be known and controllable, and finally iv. adduct analyses must have advantages as compared to other markers of PAH-exposure. In general, higher DNA adduct levels or a higher proportion of subjects with detectable DNA adduct levels were found in exposed individuals as compared with non-exposed subjects, but saturation may occur at high exposures. Furthermore, DNA adduct levels varied according to changes in exposure, for example smoking cessation resulted in lower DNA adduct levels and adduct levels paralleled seasonal variations of air-pollution. Intra-individual variation during continuous exposure was low over a short period of time (weeks), but varied significantly when longer time periods (months) were investigated. Inter-individual variation is currently only partly explained by genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in PAH-metabolism and deserves further investigation. DNA adduct measurement may have three advantages over traditional exposure assessment: i. they can smooth the extreme variability in exposure which is typical for environmental toxicants and may integrate exposure over a longer period of time. Therefore, DNA adduct assessment may reduce the monitoring effort. ii. Biological monitoring of DNA adducts accounts for all exposure routes. iii. DNA adducts may account for inter-individual differences in uptake, elimination, distribution, metabolism and repair amongst exposed individuals. In conclusion, there is now a sufficiently large scientific basis to justify the application of DNA adduct measurement as biomarkers in exposure assessment and intervention studies. Their use in risk-assessment, however, requires further investigation.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2017

Besides their effect on the f0 contour of the following vowel, Korean stops are undergoing a sound change in which a partial or complete consonantal merger on voice onset time (VOT) is taking place between aspirated and lax stops. Many previous studies on sound change have mainly focused on group-normative effects, that is, effects that are representative of the population as a whole. Few systematic quantitative studies of change in adult individuals have been carried out. The current study examines whether the sound change holds for individual speakers. It focuses on inter-speaker and intra-speaker variability on sound change in contemporary Korean. Speech data were collected for thirteen Seoul Korean speakers studying abroad in America. In order to minimize the possible effects of speech production, socio-phonetic factors such as age, gender, dialect, speech rate, and L2 exposure period were controlled when recruiting participants. The results showed that, for nine out of thirteen speakers, the consonantal merger is taking place between the aspirated and lax stop in terms of VOT. There were also intra-speaker variations on the merger in three aspects: First, is the consonantal (VOT) merger between the two stops is in progress or not? Second, are VOTs for aspirated stops getting shorter or not (i.e., the aspirated-shortening process)? Third, are VOTs for lax stops getting longer or not (i.e., the lax-lengthening process)? The results of remarkable inter-speaker and intra-speaker variability indicate a synchronous speech sound change of the stop system in contemporary Korean. Some speakers are early adopters or active propagators of sound change whereas others are not. Further study is necessary to see whether the inter-speaker differences exceed intra-speaker differences in sound change.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.313-323
• /
• 2015

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are known for irregular variability on all time scales, down to intra-day variability with relative variations of a few percent within minutes to hours. On such short timescales, unexplored territory, such as the possible existence of a shortest characteristic time scale of activity and the shape of the high frequency end of AGN power spectra, still exists. We present the results of AGN single-dish fast photometry performed with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). Observations were done in a “anti-correlated” mode using two antennas, with always at least one antenna pointing at the target. This results in an effective time resolution of less than three minutes. We used all four KVN frequencies, 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, in order to trace spectral variability, if any. We were able to derive high-quality light curves for 3C 111, 3C 454.3, and BL Lacertae at 22 and 43 GHz, and for 3C 279 at 86 GHz, between May 2012 and April 2013. We performed a detailed statistical analysis in order to assess the levels of variability and the corresponding upper limits. We found upper limits on flux variability ranging from ~1.6% to ~7.6%. The upper limits on the derived brightness temperatures exceed the inverse Compton limit by three to six orders of magnitude. From our results, plus comparison with data obtained by the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, we conclude that we have not detected source-intrinsic variability which would have to occur at sub-per cent levels.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.85-89
• /
• 2008

This study is to investigate cardiotonic effect of acupuncture on heart rate variability(HRV) analyzed by a nonlinear way(DFA, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis). It was designed as a randomized, single-blind, waiting list-controlled, cross-over study. We assessed heart rate and R-R intervals in Circadian electrocardiography with a Holter monitoring device for twelve hospitalized participants. The compatible analytical program, Zymed, was used for generating the signals of R-R intervals from 24 hour-ECG. In DFA analysis, we produced DFA alpha 1, alpha 2 parameters according to the process of Cygwin module of Linux server. We tested if there was any difference between HRV parameters using SPSS, a statistical package. There was no difference between acupuncture and no treatment group in DFA alpha 2 parameter {95% Confidence Interval (-)0.058 - 0.037, P = .565}. Two group all showed large intra-individual variations. Consequently, acupuncture treatment did not modulate the complexity of HRV in a DFA analysis. This study can be a rationale for acupuncture's properties on cardiovascular and autonomic systems.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.52-56
• /
• 2013

Background Measuring grip and pinch strength is an important part of hand injury evaluation. Currently, there are no standardized values of normal grip and pinch strength among the Korean population, and lack of such data prevents objective evaluation of post-surgical recovery in strength. This study was designed to establish the normal values of grip and pinch strength among the healthy Korean population and to identify any dependent variables affecting grip and pinch strength. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out. The inclusion criterion was being a healthy Korean person without a previous history of hand trauma. The grip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. Pulp and key pinch strength were measured with a hydraulic pinch gauge. Intra-individual and inter-individual variations in these variables were analyzed in a standardized statistical manner. Results There were a total of 336 healthy participants between 13 and 77 years of age. As would be expected in any given population, the mean grip and pinch strength was greater in the right hand than the left. Male participants (137) showed mean strengths greater than female participants (199) when adjusted for age. Among the male participants, anthropometric variables correlated positively with grip strength, but no such correlations were identifiable in female participants in a statistically significant way. Conclusions Objective measurements of hand strength are an important component of hand injury evaluation, and population-specific normative data are essential for clinical and research purposes. This study reports updated normative hand strengths of the South Korean population in the 21st century.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.888-901
• /
• 2020

Objective: A set of microsatellite markers with high polymorphism from Tsaiya duck were used for the genetic monitoring and genetic structure analysis of Brown and White Tsaiya duck populations in Taiwan. Methods: The synthetic short tandem repeated probes were used to isolate new microsatellite markers from the genomic DNA of Tsaiya ducks. Eight populations, a total of 566 samples, sourced from Ilan Branch, Livestock Research Institute were genotyped through novel and known markers. The population genetic variables were calculated using optional programs in order to describe and monitor the genetic variability and the genetic structures of these Tsaiya duck populations. Results: In total 24 primer pairs, including 17 novel microsatellite loci from this study and seven previously known loci, were constructed for the detection of genetic variations in duck populations. The average values for the allele number, the effective number of alleles, the observed heterozygosity, the expected heterozygosity, and the polymorphism information content were 11.29, 5.370, 0.591, 0.746, and 0.708, respectively. The results of analysis of molecular variance and principal component analysis indicated a contracting Brown Tsaiya duck cluster and a spreading White Tsaiya duck cluster. The Brown Tsaiya ducks and the White Tsaiya ducks with Pekin ducks were just split to six clusters and three clusters when K was set equal to 6 and 3 in the Bayesian cluster analysis. The individual phylogenetic tree revealed eight taxa, and each individual was assigned to its own population. Conclusion: According to our study, the 24 novel microsatellite markers exhibited a high capacity to analyze relationships of inter- and intra-population in those populations with a relatively limited degree of genetic diversity. We suggest that duck farms in Taiwan could use the new (novel) microsatellite set to monitor the genetic characteristics and structures of their Tsaiya duck populations at various intervals in order to ensure quality breeding and conservation strategies.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.227-238
• /
• 2006

한반도의 동쪽에 위치해 있는 삼척(venus clam from Samcheok; VCS)과 원산(venus clam from Wonsan; VCW) 지역에서 채취된 민들조개(Gomphina aequilatera)에서 genomic DNAs(gDNAs)를 분리 추출하였다. 증폭산물은 primer agarose 전기영동법에 의해서 생성되었고, EtBr에 의해서 염색된 이후에 자외선에 의해서 확인되었다. 150 bp에서 2,400 bp에 해당되는 shared loci, polymorphic 및 specific loci를 얻기 위해서 BION-21, BION-23, BION-25, BION-27, BION-29, BION-31 및 BION-33와 같은 7개의 primer를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 7개의 primer는 VCS 민들조개 집단에서 147개의 polymorphic loci(147/954 loci, 15.41%)와 VCW 집단에서 274개의 polymorphic loci(274/996 loci, 27.51%)를 확인하였다. 이것은 VCS 민들조개 집단에서 보다 VCW 집단에서 더 높은 유전적 변이를 나타내고 있다는 것을 제시하고 있다. 특히 BION-21 primer에 의해서 나타난 700 bp는 민들조개 2개 집단에서 공통적으로 확인되었으며, 이러한 것은 집단이나 종을 확인할 수 있는 marker로서 활용이 가능할 것이다. 이러한 특이한 primer는 개체, 종 및 집단에서 서로 다른 DNA 다형성을 나타내며, 개체나 집단을 확인하는 데 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 2개 민들조개 집단의 개체들을 비교해 보았을 때 SAMCHEOK no. 03와 WONSAN no. 22에서 가장 긴 유전적 거리(0.696)를 나타내었다. 3개의 genetic groupings and dendrogram을 포함한 complete linkage cluster analysis을 통해서 볼 때 지리적 거리가 있었지만 삼척과 원산 2 민들조개 집단의 개체 정체성과 다소 가까운 친척관계를 확인시켜 주었다. 분자적인 표지인자로부터 얻어진 종내 분류와 clustering analyses은 패각 크기, 패각 형태 및 패각 색깔과 같은 형태적인 형질을 기초한 재래적인 종 분류를 지원하고 있다. 따라서 위에서 언급된 바와 같이 RAPD 분석은 VCS 민들조개 집단이 VCW 집단과 어느 정도 차이가 있다는 것을 확인시켜 주었다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 1990

본고에서는 소득(所得) 또는 부(富)의 불평등도(不平等度)가 상속과정(相續過程)에 의해 야기 될 경우, 재분배적(再分配的) 상속세(相續稅)의 도입이 소득분포(所得分布)의 불균등도(不均等度) 및 사회후생(社會厚生)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 유산동기가 서로 다른 개인(個人)들로 구성된 중복세대 모형을 설정하여 상속세율(相續稅率)의 변화시 정체균형간(停滯均衡間)의 비교정학적 분석을 통하여 분배(分配) 및 후생효과(厚生效果)를 고찰하였다. 본고의 분석에 의하면 비례적(比例的) 상속세(相續稅)를 이용한 재분배정책(再分配政策)은 소득분포(所得分布)의 불균등도(不均等度)를 완화시키는 역할을 하나, 장기적(長期的)으로 평균소득(平均所得) 및 자본량(資本量)에 미치는 효과는 효용함수(效用函數)의 형태(形態)에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 조세왜곡(組稅歪曲)에 의한 후생상실효과(厚生喪失效果)로 말미암아 상속세율(相續稅率)의 증가가 재분배효과(再分配效果) 및 정(正)의 장기소득효과(長期所得效果)를 갖더라도 사회후생(社會厚生)은 오히려 감소할 수 있음을 보였다. 경험적(經驗的)으로 합당(合當)하리라 기대되는 상수(常數)값을 이용한 수량적(數量的) 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면, 실질이자율(實質利子率)이 그 황금률 수준보다 높고 한계효용(限界效用)의 탄성치(彈性値)가 충분히 클 경우에 한하여 상속세율(相續稅率)의 증가는 분배개선효과(分配改善效果)와 아울러 공리주의적 사회후생함수(社會厚生函數)의 값을 높일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 만일 이러한 조건이 충족되지 않을 경우 상속세(相續稅)를 이용한 소득재분배정책(所得再分配政策)은 오히려 사회후생(社會厚生)을 낮추는 하향평준화(下向平準化)을 효과(效果)만을 갖게 될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.