• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2001

Background: Ondansetron is both a central and peripheral serotonin (5HT) receptor antagonist and droperidol is a dopaminergic blocking drug which acts centrally at the chemoreceptor trigger zone. We assessed the efficacy and adverse effects of ondansetron, droperidol or both, in the prevention of postoperative emesis during postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using butorphanol and ketorolac medication. Methods: We studied 60 women, aged 25-60 yrs, who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), under general anesthesia using $N_2O-O_2$-enflurane. A bolus dose of 1 mg of butorphanol and 4 mg of ondansetron were given to patients and thereafter, PCA was started using 10 mg of butorphanol and 240 mg of ketorolac mixed into the 5% D/W solution (total volume; 100 ml, 1 ml of bolus dose, and 10 min of lockout interval). We also added ondansetron 4 mg (Group O, n = 20), ondansetron 4 mg and droperidol 2.5 mg (Group OD, n = 20), or droperidol 2.5 mg (Group D, n = 20) to the PCA drug. The severity of pain, nausea, vomiting, sedation and other side effects were assessed at 0, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr after awakening. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between the three group [Group O: 4 (20%) and 3 (15%), respectively; Group OD: 1 (5%) and 1 (5%), respectively; Group D: 3 (15%) and 3 (15%), respectively]. Group O showed a lower sedation score than the other groups (P < 0.05). The pain score and other side effects did not show any difference between the groups. Conclusions: The combination of ondansetron and droperidol showed no clinical benefit compared with ondansetron or droperidol alone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting during postoperative PCA using butorphanol and ketorolac.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.348-353
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• 1999

Ten Australian Stock Horses colts (five yearling and five 3-year old colts) of which 2 yearlings and 2 three year old colts served as control animals while 3 yearlings and 3 three year old colts received two GnRH immunizations within 4 weeks interval were used in this study. By the 5th to 6th week after immunization, the GnRH antibody titres in the plasma rose above 1:1000 and attained peak levels of 1:6500 by the 8th week and gradually declined to about 1:3000 by the 10th week in both the age groups. The testosterone and androstenedione concentrations of the control colts in both age groups were significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of the vaccinated groups. During the immunosuppression period, the vaccinated colts behaved like geldings. Semen could not be collected from 2 of the 3 three-year old vaccinated colts. The testicular dimensions, testicular weight, parenchymal weight, seminiferous tubule volumes, interstitial space volumes, Leydig cell volume, seminiferous tubule % of the control colts were significantly greater than those of the vaccinated colts in both the age groups. The 3-year old control colts had a significantly (p<0.05) greater % of Leydig cells than the control and vaccinated 1-year old colts. There was arrest of spermatogenesis with complete absence of sperm in the testes of the vaccinated colts while there was various stages of spermatogenesis in those of the control colts. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the 3-year old colts had significantly (p<0.05) greater DSP/gm of testis and DSP/testis than those of the 1-year old control colts. This study elucidated that the GnRH immunization could suppress the testicular function of the 3-year old and yearling colts.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 2013

Background: Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, might play a role in postoperative analgesia, but its effect on postoperative pain after caesarean section varies with study design. We investigated whether the preemptive administration of low-dose intravenous ketamine decreases postoperative opioid requirement and postoperative pain in parturients receiving intravenous fentanyl with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following caesarean section. Methods: Spinal anesthesia was performed in 40 parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section. Patients in the ketamine group received a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus intravenously followed by 0.25 mg/kg/h continuous infusion during the operation. The control group received the same volume of normal saline. Immediately after surgery, the patients were connected to a PCA device set to deliver 25-${\mu}g$ fentanyl as an intravenous bolus with a 15-min lockout interval and no continuous dose. Postoperative pain was assessed using the cumulative dose of fentanyl and visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Results: Significantly less fentanyl was used in the ketamine group 2 h after surgery (P = 0.033), but the difference was not significant at 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. No significant differences were observed between the VAS scores of the two groups at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative low-dose ketamine did not have a preemptive analgesic effect and was not effective as an adjuvant to decrease opioid requirement or postoperative pain score in parturients receiving intravenous PCA with fentanyl after caesarean section.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2014

Mineral dust in the polar snow plays an important role both in the climate system of the Earth and in global biogeochemical cycles. Analysis of the concentration and the particle size distribution of mineral dust has been carried out in the snow from the Antarctic surface snow and the Greenland snowpit. Among the various particle size determination techniques, a Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter in a class 100 clean bench counted all particles between 1.1 and $30.0{\mu}m$ with a $50{\mu}m$ aperture tube. The aperture tube size, the concentration of electrolytes and the accuracy of the particle size distribution were determined in this study. The number concentrations from the Antarctic surface snow were 81,843 particles $mL^{-1}$, but those from the Greenland snowpit were 10,666 particles $mL^{-1}$. In the volume distribution, the distributions of mineral dust in both the Antarctic surface snow and the Greenland snowpit showed lognormal distribution in the size interval 1.1 to $6.0{\mu}m$ with the mode, 3.562 and $3.836{\mu}m$, respectively. The analysis technique using a coulter counter for mineral dust could be used for reconstructing paleoclimates from polar ice cores.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2008

Growth and water quality in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica ($6.0{\pm}0.9g$) fed extruded and paste type diets were compared for 8 weeks. Fish in the duplicate tanks were fed with one of three experimental diets: two different extruded pellet diets and one paste type diet. Six FRP tanks were used with stocking density of 3.6 kg per tank (3 m3). Restricted feeds (ca. 2% of body weight) were served twice daily. Weight gains were checked at the end of every two-week interval, and water qualities in terms of NH4-N and NO2-N were determined daily one hour after feeding in the morning. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were constantly kept within the optimum range, while fifty percent of total water volume was changed daily. Eels fed the extruded pellet diets showed significantly better (P<0.05) growth performance than did eels fed the paste type diet. The amount of feed waste from the paste type diet was significantly greater than those from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). Ammonia (NH4-N) waste was significantly higher from the paste diet than from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). These results show that extruded pellet diets are better than the paste type diet for growth and water quality management in eel culture.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) has been introduced to maximize the efficiency of operation and utilization of the urban traffic facilities and promote the safety and convenience of the users. With the expansion of ITS, various traffic big data such as road traffic situation, traffic volume, public transportation operation status, management situation, and public traffic use status have been increased exponentially. In this paper, we derive structural characteristics of urban traffic according to the vehicle flow by using big data network analysis. DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) data is used to construct the traffic network. The results can help to understand the complex urban traffic characteristics more easily and provide basic research data for urban transportation plan such as road congestion resolution plan, road expansion plan, and bus line/interval plan in a city.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

In order to investigate the regional level of air pollutants at Kangwha island situated on the western coast in Korea, the suspended particulate matter samples were collected by using the low volume air sampler on ten interval from March 1992 to February 1993 and the mass concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the chemical composition of water-soluble major ionic components in SPM samples were measured. During the sampling period, the average concentration of SPM under diameter 10 $\mu$m was found to be 48 $\mu$g/m$^3$ (+ 12). The seasonal concentration of SPM was showed in order of spring>fall>winter>summer. It was considered that higher concentration on spring than other season was affected by the long-range transport of Yellow sand particulate from China continent and lower concentration on summer by the washout and rainout effect of large rainfall. The content of water-soluble component in SPM samples was founded to be about 31% (14.69 $\mu$g/m$^3$) and 65% was unknown or unanalyzed. The content of cationic component showed in order of NH$_4^+$ (44.6%)>Na$^+$ (21.2%)>K$^+$ (14.7%)>Ca$^{2+}$ (13.6%)>Mg$^{2+}$ (5.9 %) and the content of anionic component SO$_4^{2-}$ (62.5%)>NO$_3^-$ (22.3%)>Cl$^-$ (15.2%), respectively. This fact indicates that ammonium and sulfate ion of water-soluble component in SPM sample were dominant in this region. From the chemical composition of water-soluble component, the most of Na$^+$, Mg$^{2+}$ and Cl$^-$ were originated from seawater source but K$^+$, Ca$^{2+}$ and SO$_4^{2-}$ were originated from other non-marine source. The contribution of seasalt to the composition of precipitation was 23%.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.315-322
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• 2013

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effect of silk scaffolds on one-wall periodontal intrabony defects. We conjugated nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) onto a silk scaffold and then seeded periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) or dental pulp cells (DPCs) onto the scaffold. Methods: Five dogs were used in this study. Bilateral 4 mm${\times}$2 mm (depth${\times}$mesiodistal width), one-wall intrabony periodontal defects were surgically created on the distal side of the mandibular second premolar and the mesial side of the mandibular fourth premolar. In each dog, four of the defects were separately and randomly assigned to the following groups: the PDLCcultured scaffold transplantation group (PDLC group), the DPC-cultured scaffold transplantation group (DPC group), the normal saline-soaked scaffold transplantation group, and the control group. The animals were euthanized following an 8-week healing interval for clinical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histologic evaluations. Results: There was no sign of inflammation or other clinical signs of postoperative complications. The examination of cellseeded constructs by SEM provided visual confirmation of the favorable characteristics of nHA-coated silk scaffolds for tissue engineering. The scaffolds exhibited a firm connective porous structure in cross section, and after PDLCs and DPCs were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured for 3 weeks, the attachment of well-spread cells and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) were observed. The histologic analysis revealed that a well-maintained grafted volume was present at all experimental sites for 8 weeks. Small amounts of inflammatory cells were seen within the scaffolds. The PDLC and DPC groups did not have remarkably different histologic appearances. Conclusions: These observations indicate that nHA-coated silk scaffolds can be considered to be potentially useful biomaterials for periodontal regeneration.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2004

The Standardization of terms in The Pulse studies(脈學) is a need for development of learning. This study, for the correction of existing misused terms in The Pulse studies, we study on modernly and objectively the terms in The Pulse studies. By a focus of ${\ulcorner}$The Pulse Studies of Bin-Ho(瀕湖脈學)${\lrcorner}$, we studies on the new classification of pulse condition. The error of a existing technical books on Pulse studies begin that the classification of pulse condition is not establish a Standardization. For the correction of existing misused terms in The Pulse studies, we study on the pulse condition is expressed objectively a blood vessel that it is a subject of pulse condition. The expression of blood vessel contain a depth of blood vessel, a speed of pulsation, a curve of blood vessel, thickness of blood vessel, a diameter of blood vessel in expand and contract of blood vessel, a interval in expand and contract of blood vessel, a distinctness on a boundary of blood vessel, a speed of blood flow in blood vessel, a volume of blood flow in blood vessel, a condition of blood in blood vessel, a propelling power of blood vessel. These is standard of the new classification of pulse condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.1869-1872
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• 2003

As SLA(Sterealithography), SLS(Selective Laser Sintering), LOM(Laminated Object Manufacturing), FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling) etc. The FDM system the heart of a study and is developed by Stratasys co. ltd, in US., is small and cheap R.P. The material filament is heated until the material reaches a near-liquid state, it is pumped through a nozzle and become hand with a shape required, and this nozzle move pumping on the previously deposited material. Such FDM system that choice deposition type with X-Y plouter obtain in the thin continue layer by decreasing amount of extrusion or to central the injection amount when the head slow down at the corner, but in the process that fusion wax or resin become hand, deformation occur and it will affect the shape accuracy and the surface roughness. Such effect will depreciate quality and reliability of the product. Therefore, when the product made in actuality, the fundamental study on the basis geometry(surface, volume, line, angle) must be preceded and it have been research by many Free Form Fabrication. So, this basic object study purpose to obtain the fundamental geometry data and to enhance the surface roughness of the shape. And an operant can use the data for the progress of the surface roughness. This study research the estimation and application of the prototype surface roughness by adjustment the injection amount. And basie of this research, describe the pattern of prototype surface roughness and also used the result to estimate the surface of prototype.