• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.485-515
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• 2009

In this study aims to research and analyze what are decision factors between a wholly-owned subsidiary and a international company cooperation in the internationalization process. From 57 primary studies found 26 observed variables for aggregation of effect size in the using "Fixed Effect Model" on this mata-analysis. The article also links the theories that are used in the literature, not considered in the most of primary studies, to the empirical results and recommends global management strategy which is needed for business practical affairs. According to the result, the meta-analysis suggests that the number of employees of a MNC, the geological and cultural differneces between the host country and home country, the country-specific international experience of the MNC and export intensity, the international product diversification, the market growth and the market size of the foreign operations, and resource intensity of the foreign operations, the legal restrictions in the host country and the country risk of the home country do exert a significant effect on the decision between cooperative arrangement and a wholly-owned subsidiary. Conversely, for a large number of variables, no significant relationship seems to exist based on the combined results. This is the case, for example, for factor specificity, the r&d-intensity, the subsidiary size, the assets of the MNC and the sales volume of the MNC.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.184-200
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• 2021

This study proposes to secure the necessity and possibility of creating a footwear-only district utilizing the Kaesong Industrial Complex, a special economic zone in the North Korea. This is a policy proposal to explore strategic values for revitalizing the Korean footwear industry through a win-win cooperation model between the South and North Korea. With SWOT-AHP analysis method, we are planning to establish a strategy to utilize the footwear-only complex in Kaesong Industrial Complex for sustainability of the footwear industry. It presents a direction to overcome the industrial structural problems that the domestic footwear industry is facing with the aspect of the possibility of inter-Korea cooperation. As a result of the analysis, the 'SO strategy' is a proposal to establish inter-Korea cooperation K-shoe belt through footwear clusters in the two Koreas. The 'WO strategy' is an internationalization strategy of the Kaesong footwear-only complex. The 'ST strategy' is the use of flexible governance in the creation of a footwear-only complex for the relief of sanctions against North Korea. The 'WT strategy' is a paradigm shift in the perception of the peace economy in the footwear industry of inter-Korea for the re-opening of the Kaesong Industrial Complex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.474-485
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants and elements to enhance Korean international competitiveness, employing Porter's(1998) Diamond Model. Half of the 500 leading apparel exporters that were members of the Korea Apparel Industry Association in 2003 were selected as the target of this research. From May to June of 2003, survey questionnaires were sent to executives of these 250 companies in person or by telephone, e-mail, or fax. Seventy questionnaires were used for the final data anlysis. The items used were Reliability, Categorical Regression, and Frequency, using SPSS 11.5. The results were as follows: First, as a result of analyzing the influence of international competitiveness in Korean apparel industry, the firm's strategy, structure, and rivalry was the most influential factor. Others were related and supporting industries, government, chance, demand conditions, and factor conditions. Also, the elements that affect Korean international competitiveness were listed as the level of price competition in foreign markets, the level of labor cost, export marketing capacity, and exchange fluctuation. The most important element to improve the international competitiveness of the Korean apparel industry was a demand growth rate of the overseas markets(Demand Conditions), followed by the level of the labor costs(Factor Conditions), the capability of internationalization(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry), the change of currency(Chance), the quality and management of products(Demand Conditions), the capability of planning products(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry), free trade from 2005(Chance), and global sourcing strategy(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry). Korea's main rival country in apparel related and supporting industry factors is China. However, Korea has a higher level of technology development, quality, and price level than China.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.77-109
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to review the current trend of FDIs by Korean companies into EU, and to present the optimal strategies for them to combine their firm-specific factors and FDI attractiveness of the regions in EU. The companies are divided into two categories, SMEs and large enterprises. The regions of EU are composed of 15 incumbent members before the fifth enlargement in 2004 and 12 new members. Large Korean companies tend to make large investments in 15 incumbent members with stable and mature markets. Korean SMEs, by contrast, mainly invest on small scales in the new members due to the lack of their available inner resources and knowledge for the markets. The main objects of the investments in EU by the large Korean companies are to gain more market share and to acquire the advanced technologies. Although such goals are also important for the SMEs, the most important objects for the investments by Korean SMEs in EU are usually to enter EU markets and to take advantage of the relatively cheap labor forces for the efficient operations. The effects of such passive strategies by the SMEs, however, are expected to extinct because the cost advantages in regions of the new EU members will not last in the long term, so the SMEs must take longer views for the choice of locations. Many empirical results suggest that the optimal FDI strategies for the Korean companies in EU could be worked mainly by more aggressive localization policy of companies and by the cooperations of SMEs and large enterprises for the reduction in costs of foreignness.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.47-61
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates the relationship between firm-specific, general human capital and corporate innovation performance. Also, we examine when this relationship is more salient. Design/methodology/approach - We collected 1,195 survey data related to a sample of corporate innovation performance and human capital from 1) Korea Research for Vocational Education and Training and 2) NICE information service in Korea. In order to examine the corporate innovation performance, we use the ordered logit model. Findings - First, we find robust supports for our hypothesis that firm-specific and general human capital increase corporate innovation performance. Second, the effect of general human capital on corporate innovation performance is stronger when this relationship is combined with the firm international experience. Research implications or Originality - By integrating the human capital theory and corporate innovation literature, we propose that firm-specific and general human capital are the important determinant of innovation performance. The firm-specific human capital may increase innovation efficiencies. Also, retaining higher-quality general human capital is considered as an important innovation strategy since firms with higher-quality general human capital make greater innovation performance. Further, we show that the firm international experience is the crucial boundary condition. As a firm's experience in internationalization increases, firms can enhance the opportunities to develop new products by combining the skills and knowledge derived from general human capital with the experience gained through internationalization.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2016

In the face of globalization and other recent developments, flagship universities in developing countries must deal with significant challenges to come up with new strategies to serve their respective countries better. They have to confront the issue of international university ranking and its implication on social relevance. They have to remain at the forefront of research as research universities and must lead in promoting internationalization of higher education. More importantly, flagship universities must engage actively in industry-academe-government collaboration as a necessary approach towards strengthening their nations’ innovation systems. This paper is at best conceptual and takes a cursory look at the role of flagship universities in developing countries, citing the case of the University of the Philippines and its strategy towards fulfilling its role as the country’s only national university.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2013

During the last a few decades, internationalisation of universities has emerged as an important issue not only in developed countries but in developing countries. South Korea as a fast catch-up country has experienced a remarkable change in its higher education system. This change is largely related to the South Korean government's higher education policy and to economic developmental stages. Against this backdrop, in order to assess the internationalisation of Korean higher education, we focus on international student mobility rather than other criteria such as infrastructure or programmes for international students and faculties. According to the recent statistics, the number of inbound foreign students involved in Korean higher education has increased significantly since 2005. Nevertheless, compared to other OECD and Asian countries, the number of outbound students in Korean higher education is high, whereas the number of inbound foreign students in higher education in Korea is very low. Against these observations, Korean government's recent policies and efforts of Korean universities to improve internationalization are discussed. Finally, some policy implications are put forward.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 1991

Facing the international open-trade of agricultural and livestock products, a basic strategy is urgently necessary to improve the domestic livestock industry to an international level. Price and quality competitions are the most important target in international trade. Improvement in productivity of livestock is the most important factor in price competition. In recent trade of livestock products, quality competition becomes more important than price competition in livestock products, and will be severer in the future. Basic strategies for higher productivity and safety of livestock products are listed as follows ： 1. Protection from exotic diseases 2. Eradication of indigenous diseases 3. Development of new methods and techniques for control of animal diseases 4. Application of hygiene and management techniques 5. Safety evaluation of feedstuffs and animal drugs, and 6. Development of technique and regulations for prevention and monitoring of residue of harmful chemicals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.439-442
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• 2002

As Information security businesses has just emerged in Korea, they have several weakness like small size, lack of resources, the urgent need of qualified R&D personnels to compete in global markets. The purpose of this study is to explore the present situation of Korean information security industry and develop supportive strategies of the government for the internationalization of them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.441-446
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• 2006

The world economy has came into unlimited competition with globalization since 1990. Opening markets to the world is in progress through the expansion of world free trade and internationalization of multinational enterprises. In the maritime transportation for world trade, shipping companies pursue "Hub & Spoke" strategy so a port which is not able to be located as a hub port is degraded as a feeder port. To attract shipping companies, it is necessary for existing ports to provide differentiated service. This paper devises marketing strategies for a competitive port after evaluating relation among the factors affecting port selection when a shipping company chooses a port of call. On the basis of determinants derived from existing researches, we study the relation as well as importance among the factors of port selection.