• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.109-123
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• 2015

The object of this research is to take a bilateral look into cultural exchanges of the Netherlands and Japan through the East India Company and thereby improve the general understanding in regards to the exchanges of costume cultures between the East and the West. The study conducted qualitative analyses on features of contemporary costumes of the Netherlands and Japan from 1602 to 1799 by investigating the secondary sources, such as the histories of costumes, arts, and literature. The results are as follows; the traditional sleeves of the Japanese Kimono were basically cut out in a straight line. However due to the growing popularity of the kimono home gown in Europe, the producers of the kimono in India as well as several other European countries modified them into western-style sleeves. Regarding the costumes of the Netherlands, which were introduced to Japan, the study found that Japan imported Dutch fabrics, instead of specific clothing items. In Japan, costume controls and anti-conspicuous consumption regulations among social classes including a closed-door policy had negative effects on both developments and exchanges of costumes of the country. However, when it comes to the Jinbaori, a costume for ruling classes, Japan was open to using fabrics, patterns and designs of the West. In light of what have been discussed so far, the study confirmed that the costume exchanges between the two countries started long after their first business of the general cultural exchanges. Though it is clear that the advancements in the natural sciences that the Japanese made can be attributed to the West, Japan was one of the nations that impacted the costume cultures in Europe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.58-72
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• 2016

Since the mid 2000s, a large number of Chinese students have come to Korea to study. This study investigates the research trends of Chinese students studying in the fashion field in Korea. For this study, a total of 235 graduate degree theses on fashion written by Chinese students in Korea (from 1992 to 2014) were collected through the RISS website. Various keywords were used to find the theses, including fashion, clothing and costume. Factors used in the analysis of these theses were the number of theses per year, major of the student, research trend of specific areas and research target area. The results are as follows: Most of the theses were written by Fashion/Clothing majors (141 theses/60% of the total), while other majors - such as Business Administration, International Trade, Economics, Journalism/Broadcasting, and Movie Entertainment - made up the rest (94/40%). The theses researched in the study were focused on a specific field in fashion. Fashion Marketing/Socio-Psychology of Clothing was the most popular field (113/48.1%), and Fashion Design/Aesthetics came in second (87/37.0%). Other topics, such as Costume History, Clothing Construction/Textile Science, Costume Culture, followed. Chinese student's research target area was very limited, with Chinese Study being the most popular area, and Korean and Chinese Comparative Study coming in second.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2011

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kra-Araks Basin (KAB) became an international river basin with respect to the South Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. However, there are no agreements regarding water allocation, water quality, or ecosystem maintenance among the aforementioned riparians. The main water problems in the basin include not only water quantity and quality, but also the lack of joint management. The aforementioned countries share many similar circumstances: location in a politically unstable but strategic region bureaucratic and structural issues; and more importantly, ongoing ethnic and related conflicts. Despite these obstacles, the countries recognize that they depend greatly on the basin, whose waters they must share. To that end, they proposed and participated in the joint NATO-OSCE South Caucasus River Monitoring (SCRMP) project between 2002 and 2009.The SCRMP sought to investigate and characterize the surface water quality in the KAB by providing equipment and training to all three countries. Several years' worth of water quality data were collected in the KAB: major ions; heavy metals; POPs (persistent organic pollutants); and radionuclides; The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (primary funder) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europesupported the SCRMP not only to build capacity but also to promote cooperation and minimize conflict over water and other resources, thus providing a measure of security for Europe and other regions. The South Caucasus is a strategically-important region, functioning as a bridge between Asia and Europe. Energy-rich Azerbaijan seeks to become a key player in trade by serving as a transportation and energy hub between the energy and mineral-rich Central Asian KUT countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) and Western Asia, Europe, and other areas. The presentation will summarize the scientific results of the SCRMP, elucidate the regional water-energy-security nexus, discuss future work in the region, and explain why the world needs to be concerned about the KAB and the entire South Caucasus.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.211-221
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• 2013

As the result of investigating domestic interior design (interior architecture) field-related laws, it was found that interior design (interior architecture) is not recognized as in independent area due to weak classification standards by Korean standard industrial classification and job classification. Korean standard industrial classification is applied as a standard setting limits to applicable targets and industrial fields for laws related to general administration and industrial policy other than various statistic purposes. Also, the standard industrial classifications regarding the industry field determines the laws or applicable tax rates, government support and such according to the classification, and thus is very important. Moreover, interior architecture field is largely different from general architecture due to specialization and distinct characteristics, but due to the comprehensive concept of architecture industry regulations, it is considered the proper assessment for the professionalism is not conducted. Also, interior architecture field has irrational contradictions that is not independent with a clear definition and industry field classification not only in legal system and trade customs. Therefore, The following is proposed as the plan to strengthen the domestic/international competitiveness and system improvements for interior architecture. (1)interior design (interior architecture) must be amended as an industrial classification that can coexist with architecture. (2)interior design (interior architecture) must be amended as a job classification that can coexist with architecture. (3)Among the design tasks of an architect, approval for the design task field of interior architecture field must be legislated. -In architect design standard contract (the existing architecture design task scope and quality standard table) of a structure, among the tasks by request of the owner, (1)interior design tasks shall be legislated. It should be legislated so that interior design (interior architecture) majors can be included as well. (4)The task field of interior design that coexists with design must be amended. (5)National contract law - among contract method by negotiation, specialty item must be vitalized.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

Korea has many underwater cultural heritages within the east, west and south seas surrounding the Peninsula that indicate historically important sealanes for trade and transportation. As these underwater cultural heritages are the objects of despoilment because of their relatively easy access through modern technology, their often high historical and priceless value demands strong protection similar to or better than the land cultural properties. Currently, Korea does not have any concrete laws or regulations for the protection of underwater cultural heritages. Thus, these heritages iu, somewhat temporary and inappropriately subjected to laws and regulations relating to provisions of individual Laws concerning protection of cultural properties act, and statute of excavation of material fir buried national property, lost articles act etc.. Internationally, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted but not yet entered into force. Therefore, the protection of underwater cultural heritage has become an urgent matter. In this regard, this article's main purpose is to provide recommendations for improving direction of legal regime and policy for protecting our underwater cultural heritages. These legal regimes need provisions for definition of the underwater cultural heritage, scope of application, ownerships, jurisdictions and protection measures. And suggestions are provided in regard to policies for the protection of underwater cultural heritages that may improve organization and cooperation among concerned ministries and agencies, compensation system, restrictions for excavation of underwater relics, efficiency of survey of underwater surface and information system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.727-745
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• 2015

This paper analyzes the firms' optimization behavior in response to rising demand for non-priced renewable energy in the manufacturing industries by using an input distance function. The annual estimates of the shadow price of renewable energy is derived and the trend of its shadow price over time is analyzed. The degree of substitution of renewable energy for fossil-fuels is examined. The input-based Malmquist productivity index, defined as a composite of the technical efficiency and technical change measures, is measured. The contribution of renewable energy input growth to the Malmquist index is analyzed. Empirical results indicate that the shadow price of renewable energy declined at an average annual rate of 17% over the period 1992-2012. Substitutability between renewable energy and fossil-fuels was limited. On average, a 1% increase in renewable energy would decrease Malmquist index by 0.04% per year.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-65
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• 2014

In this paper, we test for allocative efficiency of productive inputs including electricity and measure the divergence between the actual and optimal level of electricity for the chemical products, which is a relatively highly electricity-intensive sector in Korean manufacturing industries, by estimating a shadow cost function. Supposing cost minimization subject to market prices was achieved, we derive the price elasticities of demand for each input and simulate the impact of a 10% increase in power rate on its demand and supply price by estimating jointly a cost function with an inverse supply relation. The null hypothesis of allocative efficiency of inputs is rejected over the period 1982-2006. On average, electricity is used more than optimal level by 98% per year. The demand for electricity decreases by 11.4%, and supply price, on average, falls by 0.08%, other things being equal.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.147-152
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• 2016

Purpose - High quality films are affected by both the production stage and various variables such as the size of the movie investment and marketing that changes consumers' perceptions. Consumer preferences should be recognized first to ensure that the movie is successful. If a film is produced without pre-investigation and analysis of consumer demand and taste, the probability of success will be low. This study investigates the balance of production costs, marketing costs, and profits using game theory, suggesting an optimization strategy using the simplex method of linear programming. Research design, data, and methodology - Before the release of the movie, initial demand is assumed to be driven largely by marketing costs. In the next phase, demand is assumed to be driven purely by a movie's production cost and quality, which might also further determine consumer demand. Thus, it is essential to determine how to distribute pure production costs and other costs (marketing) in a limited movie production budget. Moreover, it should be taken into account how to optimally distribute under the assumption that the audience and production company's input resources are limited. This research simplifies the assumptions for large-scale and relatively small-scale movie investments and examines how movie distribution participant profits differ when each cost is invested differently. Results - When first movers or market leaders have to choose both quality and marketing, it has been proven that pursuing a strategy choosing only one is more likely than choosing both. In this situation, market leaders should maximize marketing costs under the premise that market leaders will not lag their quality behind the quality of second movers. Additionally, focusing on movie marketing that produces a quick effect while ceding creative activity to increase movie quality is a natural outcome in the movie distribution environment since a cooperative strategy between market competitors is not feasible. Conclusions - Government film development policy should ignore quality competition between movie production companies and focus on preventing marketing competition. If movie production companies focus on movie production quality improvement then a creative competition would ensue.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper examines the effect of related party transactions on crash firm-specific stock price crash risk. Ownership of a typical Korean conglomerate is concentrated in a single family. In those entities, management and board positions are often filled by family members. Therefore, a dominant shareholder can benefit from related party transactions. In Korea, firms have to report related party transactions in financial statement footnotes. However, those are not disclosed in detail. The more related party transactions are the greater information risk. Thus, companies with related party transactions are likely to experience stock price crashes. Research design, data, and methodology - 2,598 firm-year observations are used for the main analysis. Those samples are from TS2000 database from 2009 to 2013, and the database covers KOSPI-listed firms in Korea. The proxy for related party transactions (RTP) is calculated by dividing total transactions to the related-party by total sales. A dummy variable is used as a dependent variable (CRASH) in the regression model. Logistic regression is used to explain the relationship between related party transactions and crash risk. Then, the sample was separated into two groups; tunneling firms and propping firms. The relation between related party transactions and crash risk variances with features of the transaction were investigated. Results - Using a sample of KOSPI-listed firms in TS2000 database for the period of 2009-2013, I find that stock price crash risk increases as the trade volume of related-party transactions increases. Specifically, I find that the coefficient of RPT is significantly positive, supporting the prediction. In addition, this relationship is strong and robust in tunneling firms. Conclusions - The results report that firms with related party transactions are more likely to experience stock price crashes. The results mean that related party transactions increase the possibility of future stock price crashes by enlarging information asymmetry between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. In case of tunneling, it could be seen that related party transactions are positively associated with stock crash risk. The result implies that the characteristic of the transaction influences crash risk. This study is related to a literature that investigates the effect of related party transactions on the stock market.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.675-685
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• 2011

This paper proposes a job matching function that calculates the job matching probability of a job-seeker to an employer taking the working conditions of a job-seeker and an employer into account. In addition, this study analysis the degree of centrality that means interactions of a job-seeker and an employer utilizing social network analysis. The results are follows. First, a degree of centrality is found to be severely concentrated in certain job-seekers or certain employers; in addition, there are many job-seekers and employers who have no matching results. Second, according to decision tree analysis, characteristics of a job-seeker that influences the degree of centrality are gender, age and degree of education in order of importance. The characteristics of a employer that influences the degree of centrality are proposed salary, industry classification and firm size in order of importance.