• Journal of Species Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.111-126
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• 2024

Korean bamboo forests encompass 22,067 hectares and are dominated by Phyllostachys species. These forests serve as vital ecosystems, providing nourishment and habitat for diverse flora, fauna, and microorganisms. Among these inhabitants, various fungal species have been documented worldwide, displaying ecological roles as saprobes, parasites, and symbionts within or outside the bamboo host. However, a comprehensive study of bambusicolous fungi within the Korean bamboo ecosystem remains a critical gap in our knowledge. In this study, we conducted an extensive survey of bamboo materials collected from various bamboo forests and subsequently undertook fungal isolation. Primary identification of bambusicolous fungi was achieved through analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. As a result, we identified seven previously unrecorded bambusicolous fungal species (Fusarium bambusarum, Fusicolla violacea, Macroconia gigas, Neopestalotiopsis camelliae-oleiferae, Neopestalotiopsis iberica, Neopestalotiopsis longiappendiculata, and Thyridium punctulatum). Phylogenetic analysis using protein-coding genes appropriate for each taxon and morphological observation were conducted to ensure accurate identification. This study contributes to our understanding of fungal diversity within bamboo forests in Korea.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.142-153
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the educational needs of interns and residents in Korean medicine as the first step in developing an education program to improve their research competencies. Methods: A mixed-method design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, was used to investigate the educational needs for research competencies among interns and residents working in Korean medicine hospitals nationwide. Data were collected through online surveys and online focus group discussions (FGDs), and processed using descriptive statistical analysis and thematic analysis. The study results were derived by integrating survey data and FGD outcomes. Results: In total, 209 interns and residents participated in the survey, and 11 individuals participated in two rounds of FGDs. The majority of participants felt a lack of systematic education in research and academic writing in postgraduate medical education and highlighted the need for nationally accessible education due to significant disparities in the educational environment across hospitals and specialties. The primary barrier to learning research and academic writing identified by learners was the lack of knowledge, leading to time constraints. Improving learners' research competencies, relationship building, autonomy, and motivation through a support system was deemed crucial. The study also identified diverse learner types and preferred educational topics, indicating a demand for learner-centered education and coaching. Conclusion: This study provides foundational data for designing and developing a program on education on research competencies for interns and residents in Korean medicine and suggests the need for initiatives to strengthen these competencies.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

Widespread public vaccination is one of the effective mechanisms to ensure the health and prevent deaths in societies. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is a stark instance in this regard. Vaccine development is a complex process requiring firm-level capabilities, various infrastructures, long-term planning, and stable and efficient policies. Due to the global demand for vaccines during the pandemic, the national capability to produce vaccines is critical. To this end, the current paper investigates influential factors, at the firm- and policylevel, in the COVID-19 vaccine development process in Iran. By adopting a qualitative research method and conducting 17 semi-structured interviews and analyzing policy documents, news, and reports, we extracted internal and external factors affecting the success and failure of a vaccine development project. We also discuss the characteristics of the vaccine ecosystem and the gradual maturity of policies. This paper draws lessons for vaccine development in developing countries at both firm and policy levels.

• ALGAE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.59-74
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• 2024

Terrestrial cyanobacteria are extremely diverse. In urban areas, they can be found as black stains on the surface of building walls, stone monuments, or man-made structures. Many of the terrestrial cyanobacteria are still understudied. To expand knowledge of terrestrial cyanobacterial diversity, a polyphasic characterization was performed to identify 12 strains isolated from campus of University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that the isolated strains formed two independent subclades within Nodosilinea, and were distantly related to all described Nodosilinea species. The 16S-23S rRNA ITS secondary structures showed variations for D1-D1' and Box B domain, while V3 domain was almost identical among entire species of Nodosilinea, including the studied strains. In addition, a unique morphological character, i.e. forming nodule or spiral shape, was also observed in certain studied strains. According to polyphasic characterization, Nodosilinea coculeatus sp. nov. and Nodosilinea terrestrialis sp. nov., were proposed as two new species of terrestrial cyanobacteria from Okinawa.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2024

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a cultural competence scale for nurses regarding the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and to test its validity and reliability. Methods: The study adhered to the 8-step process outlined by DeVellis, with an initial set of 25 items derived through a literature review and individual interviews. Following an expert validity assessment, 24 items were validated. Subsequently, a preliminary survey was conducted among 23 nurses with experience caring for LGBT patients. Data were then collected from a final sample of 322 nurses using the 24 items. Item analysis, item-total score correlation, examination of construct and convergent validity, and reliability testing were performed. Results: The item-level content validity index exceeded .80, and the explanatory power of the construct validity was 63.63%. The factor loadings varied between 0.57 and 0.80. The scale comprised five factors: cultural skills, with seven items; cultural awareness, with five items; cultural encounters, with three items; cultural pursuit, with three items; and cultural knowledge, with three items; totaling 21 items. Convergent validity demonstrated a high correlation, affirming the scale's validity. Internal consistency analysis yielded an overall reliability coefficient of 0.97, signifying very high reliability. Each item is scored from 1 to 6 (total score range, 21-126), with higher scores reflecting greater cultural competence in LGBT care. Conclusion: This scale facilitates the measurement of LGBT cultural competence among nurses. Therefore, its use should provide foundational data to support LGBT-focused nursing education programs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1019-1029
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• 1997

Background : Elevation of resting energy expenditure(REE) in patients with lung cancer has been described in earlier studies and may contribute to cancer cachexia, but limited information is available regarding the prevalence and determinants of the increased REE. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of a hypermetabolic state in newly detected patients with lung cancer and to assess the energy balance in order to improve our knowledge about weight loss in patients with lung cancer. Method : Thirty one consecutive, newly detected patients with lung cancer and 20 control patients with benign lung diseases were included in this study. Resting energy expenditure(REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry using ventilated hood system and predicted REE was calculated by the Harris-Benedict formular. Results : The energy balance in newly detected lung cancer patients was disturbed in a high proportion of patients, and hypermetabolic state occurred in 61% of the patients. Tumor volume, cancer type, location, stage, the presence of atelectasis or infiltration, pulmonary function, or smoking behavior were not associated with increase in REE. But patients with distant metastasis had significantly higher REE comparing with patients without metastasis. Thirty nine percents of the patients with lung cancer had substantial loss of more than 10% of their pre-illness weight. Weight losing patients with lung cancer were not accompanied by an increase in REE. Conclusion : We concluded that the REE was elevated in a higher proportion of patients with lung cancer and distant metastasis was found to be contributing factor to the elevated REE.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.24
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• pp.173-197
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• 2011

Through a story, the audience moves between fiction and reality. A story is an emotional experience that appeals to human feeling. The rational function of a story is to convey knowledge and information, and its emotional function is to touch the audience. Moreover, these aspects of a story are linked to its language, text, and imagery. This paper focuses on the emotional function of a story. In a experiential story, the audience's emotional response is a result of maximum dramatic communication between them and the characters. Through psychological and mental communion with the characters, the audience becomes immersed in the story when they emotionally identify with the characters, and dramatic communication is achieved. However, dramatic communication is mostly achieved instantaneously. The elements of a film need to be realized to sustain dramatic communication such that the audience continues to be immersed in the story. The audience can identify with the characters who are placed in real-life situations by considering the characters' external and internal aspects. External search pertains to the tangible aspects of the character such as its background, life, and conversation. Through the audience's external search, the characters communicate with the audience. Internal search deals with aspects of the characters' personality such as their self-concept, desires, and internal conflicts. Through internal search, the audience understands the inner side of the characters. In this process, a film director should ensure that the acting depicts the inner side of the characters. In other words, the director should perfectly depict the internal and external elements of a human on screen. Appropriate visualization can lead to dramatic communication with the characters and thereby create the audience's emotional response. Considering these techniques, this paper focuses on the scenes of the film "Poetry" in which dramatic communication with the characters creates the audience's emotional response. Accordingly, the audience plays a role in sustaining dramatic communication for the physical screen time of a film.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1995

Background: Although we gain new knowledge, the problem of pneumonia will not be eliminated. We should understand who is at risk, why these people develop this problem, what causes the pneumonia, and how to manage and prevent respiratory infection. To clarify the alterations of the etiologies of bacterial pneumonia we analysed the recent causative organisms and evaluated the therapeutic implications. Methods: A retrospective four-year study of bacterial pneumonia was conducted in Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital. 190 episodes of bacterial pneumonia was investigated. Results: 1) The causative organisms were isolated in 173 cases on the sputum culture: 154 cases (89%) were gram negative bacilli and 19 cases(11%) were gram positive cocci. The major organisms were Pseudomonas species 49 cases(28%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 29 cases(17%), Enterobacter species 25 cases(14%), and Acinetobacter species 20 cases(12%) in decreasing order. Pseudomonas species(13 cases, 34%) were frequently found in nosocomial pneumonia. 2) The causative organisms were isolated in 16 cases on the blood culture: 7 cases(43%) were gram negative bacilli and 9 cases(57%) were gram positive cocci. The major organisms were Staphylococcus aureus(6 cases, 38%), Pseudomonas species(3 cases, 19%) in decreasing order. 3) In the susceptibility test of causative organisms to antimicrobial drugs, Pseudomonas was susceptible to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime(more than 50%) and resistant to piperacillin, gentamicin, carbenicillin(more than 60%). Klebsiella was susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, cefotetan(more than 70%) and resistant to carbenicillin, ampicillin(more than 70%). Staphylococcus was susceptible to methicillin(64%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae was susceptible to oxacillin(94%). 4) The response rate after antibiotics therapy was 81% and the mortality rate was 19%. Conclusion: As considering the changes of causative organisms and antibiotic resistance, it behooves us to exercise caution in dispending antibiotics in order to maximize their continued efficacy and to do appropiate antibiotics therapy based on cultures and susceptibility test.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1318-1325
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• 1997

Background : Since the late 1960s, mechanical ventilation has been accomplished primarily using volume controlled ventilation(VCV). While VCV allows a set tidal volume to be guaranteed, VCV could bring about excessive airway pressures that may be lead to barotrauma in the patients with acute lung injury. With the increment of knowledge related to ventilator-induced lung injury, pressure controlled ventilation(PCV) has been frequently applied to these patients. But, PCV has a disadvantage of variable tidal volume delivery as pulmonary impedance changes. Since the concept of combining the positive attributes of VCV and PCV(dual control ventilation, DCV) was described firstly in 1992, a few DCV modes were introduced. Pressure-regulated volume control(PRVC) mode, a kind of DCV, is pressure-limited, time-cycled ventilation that uses tidal volume as a feedback control for continuously adjusting the pressure limit However, no clinical studies were published on the efficacy of PRVC until now. 'This investigation studied the efficacy of PRVC in the patients with unstable respiratory mechanics. Methods : The subjects were 8 mechanically ventilated patients(M : F=6 : 2, $56{\pm}26$ years) who showed unstable respiratory mechanics, which was defined by the coefficients of variation of peak inspiratory pressure for 15 minutes greater than 10% under VCV, or the coefficients of variation of tidal volume greater than 10% under PCV. The study was consisited of 3 modes application with VCV, PCV and PRVC for 15 minutes by random order. To obtain same tidal volume, inspiratory pressure setting was adjusted in PCV. Respiratory parameters were measured by pulmonary monitor(CP-100 pulmonary monitor, Bicore, Irvine, CA, USA). Results : 1) Mean tidal volumes($V_T$) in each mode were not different(VCV, $431{\pm}102ml$ ; PCV, $417{\pm}99ml$ ; PRVC, $414{\pm}97ml$) 2) The coefficient of variation(CV) of $V_T$ were $5.2{\pm}3.9%$ in VCV, $15.2{\pm}7.5%$ in PCV and $19.3{\pm}10.0%$ in PRVC. The CV of $V_T$ in PCV and PRVC were significantly greater than that in VCV(p<0.01). 3) Mean peak inspiratory pressure(PIP) in VCV($31.0{\pm}6.9cm$ $H_2O$) was higher than PIP in PCV($26.0{\pm}6.5cm$ $H_2O$) or PRVC($27.0{\pm}6.4cm$ $H_2O$)(p<0.05). 4) The CV of PIP were $13.9{\pm}3.7%$ in VCV, $4.9{\pm}2.6%$ in PVC and $12.2{\pm}7.0%$ in PRVC. The CV of PIP in VCV and PRVC were greater than that in PCV(p<0.01). Conclusions : Because of wide fluctuations of VT and PIP, PRVC mode did not seem to have advantages compared to VCV or PCV in the patients with unstable respiratory mechanics.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.222-223
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• 1997

By analyzing the successful innovation case of potato microtuber mass production technology, a representative case of technology-push type creative innovation in an imitation oriented research culture, this paper attempts to figure out conceptual model of creative innovation that is initiated by the public laboratories in catching-up country, Stages of creative innovation can be divided into the internal R&D stage and the external commercialization stage. Success of the internal R&D stage depended on autonomy to secure creative research idea and commitment of individual researchers. Psychological pressure evoked from sportlights of mass media and commitment of sponsor increased the intensity of research efforts of the researcher Recognition of research problem and its significance was intensified by site visits of agricultural fields, and the recognized higher impacts of expected research results and knowledge creation achieved were a fundamental source of self-motivation. In the stage of commercialization stage, various legal, socio-economic, and psychological barriers were confronted. In a catching-up country lacking of experiences of creative innovation, creative innovation process can be regarded as a barrier elimination and cultural revolution process. Among the barriers, psychological refusal of farmers to corn-sized potato seeds was critical, which finally enforced to further researches to enlarge the size of potato seeds. In addition, the researcher has concentrated his research efforts in one specialized research area by getting a series of similar research project funds rather than diversification. It was lucky for him to have a chance to carry out a series of similar researches in one research area during the last 10 years. In getting research funds from government and private companies continuously in one research area, both internal and external promoters played significant roles.