• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.5-29
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• 2015

Intergenerational relations in Korea show very unique characteristics. In political arena, young and old generations clash each other intensely, while they maintain a high level of intergenerational solidarity in policy realm. A logistic regression analysis reveals that generational cleavage plays a key role in affecting voting decision and evaluation of governmental performance. It also suggests that in policy realm, normative, functional, and affectional types of solidarity influence people's attitudes on social policies very strongly. If the current government continues to neglect its promises for expanding welfare, the dual structure of generational cleavage in political arena and intergenerational solidarity in social policy realm can soon be turned into a conflictual structure. Therefore, an active initiative to increase intergenerational justice should be taken in order to attain a long-term, sustainable intergenerational solidarity and coexistence.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2020

The literature on parent-child relationships in young adulthood lacks a systemic approach that considers the multifaceted nature of intergenerational relationships. In this paper, we identify the latent profiles of young Korean adults' relationships with their parents based on the six dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (structural, associational, affectual, consensual, functional, and normative solidarity) as indicators. We considered solidarity for the mother and the father separately for structural, associational, affectual, and consensual dimensions. In terms of functional and normative solidarity, we measured both upstream and downstream intergenerational support. The sample included 1,015 young adults who were 19-34 years old, never married, not in secondary school, and had both parents living. The latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: (a) independent but intimate (22.7%), (b) coresident, outwardly intimate (32.4%), (c) detached from father (6.7%), and (d) coresident, intimate (38.2%). The factors that predicted each profile included the young adults' education, income, subjective socioeconomic status, and experiencing the features of emerging adulthood along with the parents' marital status, father's employment, and overparenting. The "coresident, intimate" group reported significantly higher levels of life satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms compared to the other three groups. The lowest levels of psychological adjustment were found in the "coresident, outwardly intimate" group and "detached from father" group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.163-177
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the supporting-attitude type of the eldest son and his wife living seperately from his parents. This research focused on the various degree of intergenerational solidarity between the eldest son and his wife and his parents. For this study, the supporting-attitude types were classified into 4 types: these combine 2 types of residence (living together with the parents or living seperately from the parents) with 2 types of financial support (with with-out financial support0. The concept of intergenerational solidarity, comprises three elements: objective solidarity, subjective solidarity (attachment and conflict), and consensual solidarity (filial obligation). The subjects of this study were 166 couples living seperately from son's parents in Seoul city. The data were analyzed by multiple discriminant analyses, one way ANOVA's, and the paired t-test. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Although the majority of the eldest sons live now away from the parents home, they expect to eventually live together with and support their parents financially. The majority of the wives, however, do not want to live together with their husbands' parents even though expecting to support them financially. 2. According to the discriminant analyses, the supporting-attitude types of the eldest sons were discriminated by attachment and conflict, and those of their wives by conflict and obligation. 3. There were significant difference between supporting-attitude types in terms of intergenerational solidarity. In general, the couples expecting to live together with the parents reported a higher degree of attachment, a stronger sense of obligation, and a lower degree of conflict than the couples expecting to live seperately from the parents. 4. Significant differences between the husbands and the wives were found in attachment, obligation, and conflict. While the husbands showed higher attachment and obligation than their wives, the wives showed higher conflict than the husbands. No significant difference, however, was found between the couples in objective solidarity.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2014

Guided by the exchange model, altruistic model, intergenerational solidarity theory, and cultural contexts, this study explored the determinants of financial intergenerational transfers between older parents and adult children in South Korea. We examined 18,820 parent-child dyads by using random-effects models on the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) data. Findings showed that downward financial intergenerational transfers were consistent with the self-interest exchange model but upward transfers did not support microeconomic theories. Family solidarity theory was generally supported by downward transfers but geographical proximity was not positively associated with upward transfers. Lastly, cultural contextual variables such as marital status, birth order, and sex of a child were found to be significant. Parents tended to both provide and receive more financial support from unmarried children than from married children. Within the same marital status, the hierarchy existed in order of the first-born son, the second or later sons, and daughters when it came to downward financial transfers. Regarding upward financial transfers, the preference in order was more complicated. The findings of this study help in understanding the intergenerational financial transfers in the Korean context.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.125-142
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate the relationship between filial piety, family exchange, and social exchange and perception of intergenerational solidarity and to find the differences of those relationships among different age groups. '2017 Age Integration Survey' data, which were collected under the support of Social Science Korea (SSK) project of National Research Foundation of Korea. 300 participants for each three age group such as the young, middle-aged and older adult were randomly selected among 1,017 and data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Findings were as follows. Firstly, filial piety, family exchange, social exchange affected the perception of intergenerational solidarity. Secondly, there is a significant difference in those relationships among different age groups. Family exchange and social exchange were statistically significant variables to explain the perception of intergenerational solidarity in the young age group; filial piety, family exchange, and social exchange, all three variables were related statistically significantly to the perception of intergenerational solidarity in the middle-aged group. For older adult group, filial piety and social exchange appeared as the significant variables. Based on these findings, several suggestions in policies and practices were made to increase the perception of intergenerational solidarity by reflecting the characteristics of each age groups.

• Survey Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-112
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• 2012

This study aims to explore emotional closeness between grandparents and grandchildren in Korean families with a focus on the lineage. The effects of the geographical proximity and the normative aspect as well as intergenerational financial, instrumental, and emotional supports were taken into consideration to accounting for the grandparent-grandchildren affective solidarity. Research questions are addressed using the data of "Survey on Generational Solidarity and Differences in Cultural Experience and Perception in Korea", and a series of multinomial regression model were conducted. Findings indicate that the salient factor to boost grandchildren's affective solidarity with paternal grandparents is financial transfers between grandparents and parents. By contrast, all types of intergenerational supports affected grandchildren's emotional closeness toward maternal grandparents. Geographical proximity was associated with the affective solidarity between grandchildren and maternal grandparents. The effects of normative solidarity were not shown at both lineages.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.807-826
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• 2015

Generational contracts are specified into public pensions based on generational solidarity. The Korean National Pension has been reformed with a focus on generational equity with a narrow meaning related to contribution rate and benefit level. As a result, the Korean National Pension has only emphasized generational equity and not contributed to generational solidarity. We investigate changes in the content of the generational contract and propose to reconstruct generational contract to contribute to solidarity with a more comprehensive perspective. A new social contract by reformed pension system should not concentrate on narrowed generational equity. It should be reconstructed in the direction of enhancing efficacy and the stability of generational solidarity with an emphasis on social sustainability. Investment into the next generation would be one of many policy measures to decrease conflicts around intergenerational redistribution and improve the financial stability of the public pension by creating population structure and labor market changes.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate causal relationships among related variables that determined psychological distress of aged mothers. In this study questionaires were used to measure and subjects were 244 mothers aged over 60 and lived in K city. 221 answers were analyzed by SAS and covarince structure analysis. The results were as follows: it was found that pocketmoney and health had direct effects on objective solidarity education level pocketmoney and activity on subjective solidarity marital status and health on psychological distress between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. Among endogenous variables objective solidarity had direct effects on subjective solidarity and self-esteem subjective solidarity on self-esteem and self-esteem on psychological distress respectively. Subjective solidarity was found to be most effectable variable on psychological distress.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.149-164
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• 1997

This research examined the relationships of individual and intergenerational variables with psychological well-being(PWB) of elderly females and the relative significance of the effect of these variables on PWB. Structured interview technique was used to collect data from 202 elderly females in Seoul who were recruited through quota sampling method. Two-way analysis of variance result indicated that interaction effect between aged and the presence of spouse on PWB was existed. Though most variables were significantly correlated with PWB of elderly females results of multiple regression analyses indicated that three variables-self-efficacy self-esteem affectional solidarity with adult children- significantly influenced PWB and three variabels-coresiding with the first son's family satisfaction with pocket money and contact solidarity-approached the significance level to the effect on PWB.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.105-130
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• 2018

Objective: In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Korean Intergenerational Psychological Ambivalence Scale (KIPAS) for young adult children. Method: Data came from 1,140 Korean young adults aged 19-34, who were never married and had at least one living parent. We translated the individual-subjective dimension of Zygowicz's (2006) Intergenerational Ambivalence Scale from English to Korean. The individual-subjective dimension had eight items that directly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (D-KIPAS) and 10 items that indirectly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (I-KIPAS). Results: The D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS items showed good internal consistency both for the mother and the father. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that D-KIPAS items loaded on one factor after controlling for method effects, which allowed error variances among the four non-reversed items to covary. Both the positive and negative items of I-KIPAS had good reliability and loaded on the same factor. The mean score of D-KIPAS and the calculated score of I-KIPAS were significantly but moderately correlated, which indicates that the D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS assess correlated but distinct aspects of intergenerational ambivalence. Correlations among D-KIPAS, I-KIPAS, and the proxy variables of intergenerational solidarity and conflict supported the discriminant validity of the KIPAS. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS are reliable and valid tools to measure intergenerational psychological ambivalence among Korean young adults.