• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.30-45
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• 2001

In recent years, clinicians' and dentists' esthetic demands in dentistry have increased rapidly. The ultimate goal in modern restorative dentistry is to achieve "white" and "pink" esthetics in the esthetically important zones. Therefore, modern esthetic dentistry involves not only the restoration of lost teeth and their associated hard tissues, but increasingly the management and reconstruction of the encasing gingiva with adequate surgical techniques. Interdental space are filled by interdental papilla in the healthy gingiva, preventing plaque deposition and protecting periodontal tissue from infection. This also inhibits impaction of food remnants and whistling through the teeth during speech. These functional aspects are obviously important, but esthetic aspects are important as well. Complete and predictable restoration of lost interdental papillae remains one of the biggest challenges in periodontal reconstructive surgery. One of the most challenging and least predictable problems is the reconstruction of the lost interdental papilla. The interdental papilla, as a structure with minor blood supply, was left more or less untouched by clinicians. Most of the reconstructive techniques to rebuild lost interdental papillae focus on the maxillary anterior region, where esthetic defects appear interproximally as "black triangle". Causes for interdental tissue loss are, for example, commom periodontal diseases, tooth extraction, excessive surgical periodontal treatment, and localized progressive gingiva and periodontal diseases. If an interdental papilla is absent because of a diastema, orthodontic closure is the treatment of choice. "Creeping" papilla formation has been described by closing the interdental space and creating a contact area. In certain cases this formation can also be achieved with appropriate restorative techniques and alteration of the mesial contours of the adjacent teeth. The presence of an interdental papilla depends on the distance between the crest of bone and the interproximal contact point, allowing it to fill interdental spaces with soft tissue by altering the mesial contours of the adjacent teeth and positioning the contact point more apically. The interdental tissue can also be conditioned with the use of provisional crowns prior to the definitive restoration. If all other procedures are contraindicated or fail, prosthetic solutions have to be considered as the last possibility to rebuild lost interdental papillae. Interdental spaces can be filled using pink-colored resin or porcelain, and the use of a removable gingival mask might be the last opportunity to hide severe tissue defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.321-337
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• 1998

The aims of this study were firstly to investigate soft tissue reactions around single implant-supported crowns and secondly to compare soft tissue dimensions and conditions of the crowns in relation to interdental papillae, and lastly to investigate patients'esthetic satisfaction with their single implant-supported crowns according to the interdental papillae presence/absence. Twenty-nine patients (41 implants) whose single missing tooth in the maxillary anterior region had been replaced by single implant-supported crown participated for the study and various variables of soft tissue conditions, dimensions and crown dimensions were measured around the single implant-supported crowns at clinical examination and from study models and slides. The results showed that the soft tissue conditions around the single implantsupported crowns were similar to those around implants used for partially or totolly edentulous patients. Except for the high frequency of bleeding on probing, all other parameters revealed healthy conditions. The buccal sites of the crown had a shallow pocket comparing with other sites. At all sites of the crown, similar status of little inflammation was found. Mesial sites and central-incisor positioned implantsupported crowns had lower contact point position than distal sites and lateral-incisor positioned crowns, respectively. Mucositis index, probing depth and contact point position were significantly correlated with papillae index(p < 0.05). More inflammation and lower contact point position were found at the implant-supported crown with no interdental space than that with interdental space. Patients showed high esthetic satisfaction regardless of interdental space presence. The result indicated that, despite of their submucosal crown margins, single implantsupported crowns have soft tissue conditions as good as other implants used for the treatment of the different types of edentulism and a clinician can manipulate interdental papilla height by modifying crown shapes within the limits of not violating total esthetics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.563-571
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• 2003

One of the central components of periodontal therapy is the improvement of esthetics. The presence and appearance of interdental papillae plays an important role of periodontal esthetics. The aim of the present study was to investigate how immediate provisional restoration preserve the shape of interdental papilla around the extraction socket and the width of bucco-lingual of gingiva. Another aim was to investigate the change in the interdental papilla and the amount of vertical bone fill of a extraction socket in relation to the interdental alveolar bone levels adjacent the alveolar socket. A total of 19 patients (11 male, 8 female, mean age of 50.57${\pm}$8.16), who visited the Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University and had more than one anterior tooth scheduled to be extracted due to an advanced periodontal disease were included in the present study. After initial periodontal therapy, the extracted teeth were reshaped of the root and placed into the socket followed by splinting with adjacent teeth with self-curing resin. The width of hucco-lingual of gingiva and interdental papilla height were measured at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month and the periapical radiographic examination were taken at baseline, 6 and 12month following the extraction. The amount of vertical bone fill in the extraction socket were calculated. At 12 months following the extraction, the changes in mesial and distal interdental papilla and the width of bucco-lingual showed -1.06${\pm}$0.48mm, -0.844${\pm}$0.50mm, -1.50${\pm}$0.96m, relatively. The positional change in the interproximal papillae was significantly associated with the interdental bone level adjacent to the extraction socket(p=0.028). The higher the interproximal bone level adjacent the extraction socket, the greater the amount of bone fill in the extraction socket(p<0.001). In conclusion, it was thought that immediate provisional restoration could minimize the loss of the width of bucco-lingual and interproximal papillae around the extraction socket. In addition, the higher the interproximal bone level adjacent the extraction socket, the greater the amount of bone fill and the smaller the reduction of papillary height around the extraction socket.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.507-517
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the soft tissue changes around single implant-supported crowns during followup periods. Twenty patients(31 implants) whose single missing tooth in the maxillary anterior region had been replaced with an single implant-supported crown were recruited for the study. Crown length, soft tissue level and papilla height at the single implant-supported crowns were measured at follow-up examination and calculated from the slides taken at time of crown placement. as well Papilla index was scored from the slides taken at the time of crown placement and follow-up examination. A very little amount of recession occurred and the soft tissue level moved more apically and the papilla height increased significantly (p<0.01). Especially, both mesial and distal papilla index at single implant-supported crowns increased significantly during follow-up periods (p<0.001). When the two slides taken at the time of crown placement and follow-up were compared simultaneously, except one site, papillae size increased at all sites. From the results of the study, the interdental papillae at the single implant-supported crowns seemed to regenerate significantly and their crown margins were stable during follow-up periods. Hence it is indicated that various surgical interventions at on early stage to enhance soft tissue esthetics arourd single implants may be unnecessary.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2017

목적: 본 연구 목적은 이상적인 임플란트 근원심적 식립 위치 결정에 필요한 정보를 제공하기 위해서 콘빔형 전산화단층영상(cone-beam CT)을 사용하여 건강한 자연치열에서 백악-법랑 경계부와 치조골 흡수를 가정한 그 하방 2 mm에서 전치, 소구치, 대구치의 치간거리를 평가하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 원광대학교 치과대학병원에서 cone-beam CT를 촬영한 건강한 치열의 200명 환자를 선정하였다. Cone-beam CT 이미지를 DICOM (digital imaging and communication in medicine) 파일로 전환하여, 3차원 영상으로 재구성하였고, cone-beam CT 이미지를 표준화하기 위하여 head reorientation을 시행한 후, 전용 소프트웨어를 이용해 재구성된 파노라마 이미지를 얻었다. 모든 계측은 3명의 치과의사에 의해 최적화된 파노라마 이미지 상에서 시행되었다. 결과: 백악-법랑 경계부에서 상악 평균 치간거리는 전치 1.84 mm, 소구치 2.07 mm, 대구치 2.08 mm 그리고 하악은 전치 1.55 mm, 소구치 2.20 mm, 대구치 2.36 mm였다. 백악-법랑 경계부 하방 2 mm에서 상악 평균 치간거리는 전치 2.19 mm, 소구치 2.51 mm, 대구치 2.60 mm 그리고 하악은 전치 1.86 mm, 소구치 2.53 mm, 대구치 3.01 mm였다. 결론: 자연치열에서 치간거리는 전치부보다는 구치부에서 더 컸으며, 백악-법랑 경계부보다 그 하방 2 mm에서 더 크게 나타났다. 전 치열에서 가장 좁은 곳은 하악 전치, 가장 넓은 곳은 하악 대구치였다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.276-284
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• 2023

발치 후 시간이 지남에 따라 치조골이 흡수되는 것은 자연스러운 현상이다. 치조골 소실과 상부 연조직의 감소는 추후 임플란트 식립 및 임플란트의 장기 생존 가능성에 어려움을 준다. 이번 증례보고는 치주질환에 이환된 발치와에 치조제 증강술과 연조직 대체제 중 이종 콜라겐 기질을 함께 이용하여 임플란트 식립 부위의 연조직과 경조직을 증가시키는 데 중점을 둔다. 각각의 증례에서 치조골의 너비가 6 mm, 8 mm, 4 mm로 증가하였고, 임플란트 주변으로 치간 유두의 재생과 각각 4 mm, 6 mm, 4 mm의 협측 각화치은을 보여준다. 증대된 치조골은 임플란트 수술을 용이하게 하며 치간 유두와 각화치은은 심미적인 보철이 가능하게 한다. 이 연구는 치주질환이 이환된 발치와를 가진 환자에게 치조제 증강술을 시행하고 연조직 대체제를 추가로 사용함으로써 임플란트 식립을 위한 보다 나은 환경을 제공하고 심미적이고 예지성 있는 임플란트 수술을 위한 긍정적인 효과를 보여준다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2013

Purpose: This study examined the factors that can be associated with the appearance of the interproximal papilla. Methods: One hundred and forty-seven healthy interproximal papillae between the maxillary central incisors were examined. For each subject, a digital photograph and periapical radiograph of the interdental embrasure were taken using a 1-mm grid metal piece. The following parameters were recorded: the amount of recession of the interproximal papilla, contact point-bone crest distance, contact point-cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) distance, CEJ-bone crest distance, inter-radicular distance, tooth shape, embrasure space size, interproximal contact area, gingival biotype, papilla height, and papilla tip form. Results: The amount of recession of the interproximal papilla was associated with the following: 1) increase in contact point-bone crest, contact point-CEJ, and CEJ-bone crest distance; 2) increase in the inter-radicular distance; 3) triangular tooth shape; 4) decrease in the interproximal contact area length; 5) increase in the embrasure space size; and 6) flat papilla tip form. On the other hand, the amount of gingival recession was not associated with the gingival biotype or papilla height. In the triangular tooth shape, the contact point-bone crest distance and inter-radicular distance were longer, the interproximal contact area length was shorter, and the embrasure space size was larger. The papilla tip form became flatter with increasing inter-radicular distance and CEJ-bone crest distance. Conclusions: The relative position of the interproximal papilla in healthy subjects was associated with the multiple factors and each factor was related to the others. A triangular tooth shape carries a higher risk of recession of the interproximal papilla because the proximal contact point is positioned more incisally and the bone crest is positioned more apically. This results in an increase in recession of the interproximal papilla and flat papilla tip form.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.438-444
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• 2016

상악 전치부의 보철 수복은 치과 영역의 심미 치료에 있어서 매우 중요한 치료이다. 상악 전치부의 보철 수복을 통해 치아의 형태나 배치, 색상 등을 대체함으로써 심미성의 개선이 가능하다. 이러한 치료를 계획할 때, 안모 및 치아와 입술과의 관계 분석, 치아와 치은의 분석 등을 통해 환자마다 개별적인 고려 사항에 대한 접근이 필요하다. 이러한 고려 사항 중 치아 주위 치은 구조를 적절히 형성하는 것은 매우 중요한데, 치은 변연의 높이, 치은 정점의 위치, 치간 유두의 재건, 출현 윤곽, 좌우 측의 대칭성 등을 고려해야 한다. 하지만 치은 구조가 항상 적절히 형성되어 있는 것은 아니기 때문에, 보철 치료 시 비심미적인 치은 구조의 개선을 위한 처치를 계획해야 하는 경우가 많다. 이 증례에서는 치은 외형의 결함으로 인한 비심미성을 개선하기 위해 치료를 시행한 환자들에서 외과적 처치 없이 각각 pink porcelain, 치은 연하 형태의 형성, 가공치 기저부 형태의 조정을 통해 만족할만한 심미적인 결과를 얻었기에 보고하고자 한다.