• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-85
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• 2022

Traditionally, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been due to ingestion of nicotine pesticides. However, the increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has resulted in both intentional and unintentional exposure to concentrated liquid nicotine or "e-liquid" leading to an increase in nicotine poisoning cases. However, fatalities following the ingestion of the e-liquid are extremely rare. We report a rare case of cardiac arrest and severe encephalopathy following the intentional ingestion of e-liquid. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman who intentionally ingested liquid nicotine intended for e-cigarette use. She was found in asystole and experienced a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after undergoing approximately 46 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Her plasma nicotine levels were >500 ng/ml. Despite aggressive supportive care, she was found to have encephalopathy consistent with severe anoxic brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In recent times, there have been some reports of deaths following liquid nicotine ingestion. Our case illustrates the potential for fatal nicotine toxicity from ingestion of e-cigarettes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

연구목적: 의도적 재식술은 재근관치료와 치근단 수술이 곤란하거나 실패한 경우 치아를 유지하기 위한 치료 방법이다. 성공적인 의도적 재식술을 위해서 파절 없는 안전한 발치는 필수적인 과정이다. 이를 위해 최근 의도적 재식술을 위한 비외상성 안전 발치법이 소개되었다. 환자 및 방법: 분당서울대학교 병원 치과 보존과에서 의도적 재식술을 시행한 96명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 재근관 치료가 실패하였거나 해부학적 접근의 어려움 등으로 치근단 수술이 곤란한 경우나 환자가 거부한 경우를 대상으로 하였다. 술전교정적 정출술을 약 2-3주간 시행하여 치아의 동요도를 증가시키고 동시에 치주인대의 양을 증가시켰다. 이후 Physics Forceps를 이용하여 발치하였으며 결과에 대해 분석하였다. 결과: 96개의 치아는 상,하악 소구치 또는 대구치였다. 완전한 발치 성공은 93% (n = 89)였으며 제한적인 성공(치근의 일부가 부러짐)은 2% (n = 2), 골절제술을 동반하여 발치한 경우가 5% (n = 5)였다. 임상적인 성공률은 95%였으며 전체적인 발치 성공률은 100% 였다. 결론: 비외상성 안전 발치법은 의도적 재식술을 위해 재현성 있고 예측가능한 발치방법으로 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2018

Objectives: Due to their developmental characteristics, adolescents have a higher probability than other age groups of experiencing injuries caused by accidents, violence, and intentional self-harm. The severity and characteristics of injuries vary by the intentionality and mechanism of injury; therefore, there is a need for a national-level estimate of the scale and the severity of injuries in adolescents that takes these factors into account. Methods: By using data from the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance Data, National Emergency Department Information System, the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey, and cause of death statistics, we calculated the emergency department (ED) visit rate, hospitalization rate, and death rate of injuries per 100 000 adolescents for each injury mechanism. The calculated rates were used to generate the injury pyramid ratio (ratio of death rate to hospitalization rate to ED visit rate) to visualize the scale and the severity of the injury. Results: The mortality rate in adolescents due to injury was 10/100 000; the corresponding rates for hospitalization and ED visits were 1623 and 4923, respectively, resulting in an injury pyramid ratio with the general pyramid form, with a 1:162:492 ratio of deaths to hospitalizations to ED visits. The mortality rate due to suicide/intentional self-harm was 5/100 000, while 35 were hospitalized for this reason and 74 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:7:15 for intentional self-harm/suicide showed a steep pyramidal form, indicating considerable lethality. The mortality rate due to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) was 3/100 000; 586 were hospitalized for this reason, while 1023 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:195:341 for MVCs showed a gradual pyramid form, indicating that the lethality was low and the scale of injury was high. Conclusions: The main categories of injuries in adolescents were visualized in pyramid form, contributing to an understanding of the scale of each injury by mechanism in terms of levels of death, hospitalization, and ED visits. These findings will be helpful for understanding how to prioritize injuries in adolescents.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2010

Purpose: With the increasing numbers of foreign residents in Korea, the need for an emergency medical care system for foreign patients seems to be growing. Sometimes, a foreigner admitted to an emergency room is not treated sufficiently due to the absence of insurance, facility in the Korean language, and a guardian. The management of a foreigner with trauma in the ER is difficult due to various problems such as social and economic status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current management status of foreigners with penetrating wounds in the emergency room. Methods: This study is an analysis of 580 patients that were diagnosed with penetrating wounds in one teaching Hospital from Jan. 1, 2008 to Dec. 31, 2008. We analyzed results according to nationality, alcohol ingestion, intentional or accidental trauma, trauma mechanism, injury severity, management time in the ER, and outcome in the ER. Results: Of the total 580 patients, 486 patients (83.8%) were native Koreans and 94 patients (16.2%) were foreigners. According to the Revised Trauma Score, the average score of native Korean patients was 7.808, and the average score of foreign patients was 7.638. Of native Korean patients, 22.6% had knife wounds while 38.3% of foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 17.3% experienced intentional trauma while 33.0% of the foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 22.5% had ingested alcohol while 49.4% of the foreigners had. Of native Korean patients, 10.5% were admitted while 7.6% of the foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 14.2% were discharged against medical advice (DAMA), while 18.5% of foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 1.2% ran away while 8.7% of the foreign patients did. Conclusion: Stabbing was the most common cause of penetrating wounds in foreigner patients in this study. Intentional trauma was more common in foreigners with penetrating wounds than in native Koreans. The severity was higher in foreigners with penetrating wounds than it was in native Koreans, and patients who ran away or were discharged against medical advice were more commonly foreigners with penetrating wounds. Social insurance or policy is needed for the management of foreigners with penetrating wounds.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2011

연구목적: 인류지질학적으로 동양인에게서 많이 발견되는 C-형 근관계를 가진 하악 제2대구치는 근관치료나 비외과적 재치료에 실패하는 경우 외과적 재치료 방법으로 의도적 재식술을 시행하게 되는데 그 성공률에 대한 보고가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 C-형 근관계를 가진 하악 제2대구치에 의도적 재식술을 시행한 환자의 기록을 후향적으로 조사하여 치료 결과에 따른 성공률을 확인할 뿐 아니라 치료전 존재하던 치근단 병소가 성공률에 영향을 미치는 바에 대하여 알아보는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 연구를 위해 2005년 1월부터 2007년 12월에 걸쳐 서울대학교치과병원 치과보존과에 내원하여 하악 제2대구치에 의도적 재식술을 받은 52명의 환자 기록을 조사하였으며 7개의 치아는 정기적인 내원검진 기록이 없어서 조사 대상에서 제외하였고 다른 6개의 치아는 C-형 근관계의 조건에 해당되지 않아 연구에서 제외하였다. 정기 내원후 시행한 임상 검사와 방사선 사진 기록을 후향적으로 검토하여 성공이나 불완전한 치유 또는 실패등의 치료 결과에 대하여 판단하였다. 결과: C-형 근관계를 가진 29개의 하악 제2대구치에 시행한 의도적 재식술의 성공률은 72.4%로 관찰되었으며 치료전 치근단 병소가 존재한 경우의 성공률은 치근단 병소가 없었던 경우와 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 결론: 본 연구결과 C-형 근관계를 가진 하악 제2대구치의 근관치료가 실패한 경우 시행하게 되는 의도적 재식술은 술전 병소의 존재 유무에 상관없이 치근단 수술의 성공률과 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있는 치료라고 사료된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.449-459
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• 2021

이 연구는 재생근관치료 결과에 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되는 인자를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 2011년 2월부터 2020년 1월까지 외상과 치외치 파절로 항생제 복합제제를 사용하여 재생근관치료를 시행한 54명의 환자와 57개의 치아를 대상으로 하였다. 의도적 출혈 여부, 치료원인, 치근발육단계에 따른 재생근관치료 결과를 분석하였다. 치료 결과는 증상의 개선, 치근단병소의 변화, 치근성장량을 토대로 판단하였다. 영상 촬영각도 및 위치에 의한 왜곡을 보정하기 위해 Turboreg plugin을 사용하였고, ImageJ softeware상에서 치근단공 크기, 치근면적, 치근길이의 변화를 측정하였다. 의도적 출혈 유무는 치료 결과에 유의한 영향이 없었다. 외상으로 인한 경우 치외치 파절로 인한 경우보다 치근면적과 치근길이의 증가가 적었다. 치근발육이 덜 진행된 치아일수록 치근면적의 성장이 크게 나타났다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigates the characteristics and prognosis of acute poisoning patients visiting nationwide emergency departments before and after the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Data were obtained from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS). Methods: This nationwide retrospective observational study included acute poisoning patients who visited the emergency departments between February 1 to December 31, 2020, which has been determined as the pandemic period. The same periods in 2018 and 2019 were designated as the control periods. The primary outcome assessed was the length of stay in emergency departments (EDLOS). The secondary outcomes examined were intensive care unit admission rate and in-hospital mortality rate before and after the pandemic. A subgroup analysis was performed for inpatients and intentional poisoning patients. Results: A total of 163,560 patients were included in the study. During the pandemic, the proportion of women increased from 50.0% in 2018 and 50.3% in 2019 to 52.5% in 2020. Patients aged 20-29 years increased from 13.4% in 2018 and 13.9% in 2019 to 16.6% in 2020. A rise in cases of intentional poisoning was also noted - from 33.9% in 2018 and 34.0% in 2019 to 38.4% in 2020. Evaluating the hospitalized poisoned patients revealed that the EDLOS increased from 3.8 hours in 2018 and 3.7 hours in 2019 to 4.2 hours in 2020. ICU admissions were also markedly increased (2018, 48.2%; 2019, 51.8%; 2020, 53.2%) among hospitalized patients. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of acute poisoning patients visiting nationwide emergency departments in Korea. The proportion of young adults, women, and intentional poisoning patients has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic. Prolonged length of stay at the emergency department and an increased rate of intensive care unit admissions were determined in hospitalized acute poisoning patients.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.495-518
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• 2002

This paper is to analyze various phenomena of NPIs based on Nonveridicality Theory. For this purpose, I present the previous studies concerning NPls and examine their problems: Ladusaw's(1980) Downward Entailment and Zwarts'(1993) Monotonicity Theory. To solve their problems I suggest Giannakidou's(1998, 1999, 2000) Nonveridicality Theory. To conclude, this paper clarifies the reason why NPls are licensed and resolves the problems of previous studies. I explain NPIs' phenomena in questions, modals, intentional verbs, before, perhaps and so on. I analyse the examples of NPls in BNC, S&S, P&P to prove my claim.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was to categorize the type of family financial well-being based on objective and subjective dimension. And this study was intended to explore the relations not only those types and the demographic characteristics but also those types and family subsystem; personal subsystem and managerial subsystem. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The type of family financial well-being were categorized as ‘Adequated type’, ‘Dissatisfying type’, ‘Satisfying type’, and ‘Unadequated type’. 2. The objective variables effect the family financial well-being rather then subjective variables. 3. The family cohesion, adjustment and communication pattern and intentional managing efforts increase the family financial well-being.

• 복식
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2004

In this study, the fashion trend after the 1990s and the characteristics of fashion in the postmodernistic viewpoint that mainly effected fashion were observed, and the characteristics of fashion illustration expression was observed in the viewpoint of its link. It can be seen that mutually close characteristics are mutually linked. As the result of this study, the characteristics of fashion illustration can be categorized into three areas. and the sub-concepts are as following. The first category is the pursuit of feminine beauty of individual multi-dimension. This includes- 1) retro feminine beauty; 2) fetishistic and ecstatic feminine beauty; 3) mixed composition genderless (mixed composition style. ageless style and raceless style): and 4) beauty of body deconstruction and reconstruction (deformation due to partial transformation, change into animalization, mechanization and spirituelization. and beautification of crudeness). The second is the intentional deviation of expression and production technique. This includes-1) deviation from traditional perspective; 2) deviation from composition concept: and 3) breaking away from the existing material and expression technique of material. The third is the pursuit of authority-rejection form of expression. This is an area that should be noticed in the fashion illustration expression of the 1990s, as it shows the most diverse phenomenon. The sub-concepts of this category include- 1) separation of art 2) minimalism (minimalism in structure and production method); 3) flatness; 4) completion of incompletion; 5) accidentalism; 6) sportive;7) absence of figure; 8) intentional childishness 9) story development; 10) techno mechanism and cyber character; and 11) animation style.