• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.3-14
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• 2015

This study has extracted observation data by spatial factor for the analysis of subjects' selective attention with the objects of public space at the entrance of subway stations. The methods extracting observation data can be summarized as the following. First, the frequency analysis by lattice was prevalent for those methods, but there is a limitation to the analysis of the observation data. On the contrary, the method extracting observation data by factor applied in this study can make it clear if any sight is concentrated on any particular factors in a space. Second, the results from the extracted data corresponding to the observation area can be objectified while the method setting up the observation area by applying the radius of fovea. Third, time-sequential trace of observation results of relevant factors was possible through hourly analysis of spatial factors. The consideration of the results of "corresponding spatial scope" which is the object of this study will reveal that the more the observation time, the less the degree of attention it receives. Fourth, the frequency of observation superiority was applied for the analysis of the sections with selective attention by time scope; this revealed that men and women had intensive observation in time scope I (52.4 %) and in time scope IV (24.0 %), respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.487-501
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• 2002

The concentrations of gaseous (NO$_{x}$, SO$_2$, and $O_3$) and particulate (Elemental Carbon, EC and Organic Carbon, OC) pollutants were measured to evaluate the air quality of Kosan. Samples were taken at Kosan during ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) IOP (Intensive Observation Period) (2001. 3. 21~2001. 5. 5). The mean concentrations of $O_3$(46.3$\pm$10.4 ppb) is higher than those at urban area such as Seoul and Busan in Korea. On the other hand, the mean concentrations of other gaseous species, NO$_{x}$(4.73$\pm$3.42 ppb) and SO$_2$(0.62$\pm$0.63 ppb) are lower than those at great cities. So we concluded that there are a few primary sources emitting atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of EC is higher and the concentration of OC is similar with or higher than those at other background sites. The recent EC concentration is higher than those measured before at Kosan. We concluded that there are more primary sources than other background sites and the amount of primary source have increased recently in Jeju. Backward trajectory and co..elation analysis were used to study where the air masses originated and distinguish the source of pollutants. While NO$_{x}$ and $O_3$ were mainly emitted and formed from Jeju inland area, concentrations of SO$_2$, OC and EC were affected by Asian Dust from China. Using the mean relative standard deviation of ozone, cleanness coefficient was obtained. The cleanness coefficient value, is 1.6 times larger than the value in 1992. Recently, the air quality of Kosan has been contaminated because of the Asian Dust events since spring and the rapid industrialization development.pment.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2020

The progenitor of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is mainly believed to be a carbon/oxygen white dwarf (WD) with non-degenerate (single degenerate) or another WD companion (double degenerate). However, there is little observational evidence of their progenitor system. Recent studies suggest that shock-breakout cooling emission after the explosion can constrain the size of the progenitor system. To do so, we obtained a optical/Near-IR light curve of SN 2019ein, a normal but slightly sub-luminous type Ia supernova, from the very early phase using our high-cadence observation of Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG). Assuming the expanding fireball model, the simple power-law fitting of the early part of the light curve gives power indices of 1.91 (B) and 2.09 (R) implying radioactive decay of 56Ni is the dominant energy source. By comparison with the expected light curve of the cooling emission, the early observation provides us an upper limit of the companion size of R∗≤1R⊙. This result suggests that we can exclude a large companion such as red giants, which is consistent with the previous study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 2012

The time-dependent effects of highly intensive exercise on the hematological properties of leukocytes, as well as $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ level changes as T-lymphocyte activation subsets and the cell death of lymphocytes in rats were studied in this research. Twenty, 60, and 120 min of highly intensive exercise was performed daily for 8 weeks. Total leukocyte counts in the blood of rats exercising for 20 min were elevated; they then decreased to less than the level of the control group up to 120 min. The patterns of lymphocyte level changes were directly influenced by exercise duration and the extents of alteration were similar to the total leukocytes counts. The levels of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ in the blood of the exercising rats were not statistically different even when the exercise was continued for 120 min; thus, the exercise did not affect T-lymphocyte activation. Early- and late-stage lymphocyte apoptosis was not affected by the length of exercise, except that late-phase apoptosis was slightly increased at 120 min, suggesting that aging processes for lymphocyte apoptosis might be stimulated at that time. As the exercise time became longer, stimulated necrosis of lymphocytes was observed, so damage in lymphocytes and a potential loss of immunity might be presumed. The current observation suggests that long-term, highly intensive exercise might result in a loss of immunity that could be due to the damage of lymphocytes in terms of both their numbers and inflammation-related functions. The results suggest that under highly intensive exercise conditions, more than 20 min of exercise should not be suggested for health care purposes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.228-240
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• 2023

Growing complexity in ecosystem structure and functions, under impacts of climate and land-use changes, requires interdisciplinary understandings of processes and the whole-system, and accurate estimates of the changing functions. In the last three decades, observation networks for biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem functions under climate change, have been developed by interested scientists, research institutions and universities. In this paper we will review (1) the development and on-going activities of those observation networks, (2) some outcomes from forest carbon cycle studies at our super-site "Takayama site" in Japan, and (3) a few ideas how we connect in-situ and satellite observations as well as fill observation gaps in the Asia-Oceania region. There have been many intensive research and networking efforts to promote investigations for ecosystem change and functions (e.g., Long-Term Ecological Research Network), measurements of greenhouse gas, heat, and water fluxes (flux network), and biodiversity from genetic to ecosystem level (Biodiversity Observation Network). Combining those in-situ field research data with modeling analysis and satellite remote sensing allows the research communities to up-scale spatially from local to global, and temporally from the past to future. These observation networks oftern use different methodologies and target different scientific disciplines. However growing needs for comprehensive observations to understand the response of biodiversity and ecosystem functions to climate and societal changes at local, national, regional, and global scales are providing opportunities and expectations to network these networks. Among the challenges to produce and share integrated knowledge on climate, ecosystem functions and biodiversity, filling scale-gaps in space and time among the phenomena is crucial. To showcase such efforts, interdisciplinary research at 'Takayama super-site' was reviewed by focusing on studies on forest carbon cycle and phenology. A key approach to respond to multidisciplinary questions is to integrate in-situ field research, ecosystem modeling, and satellite remote sensing by developing cross-scale methodologies at long-term observation field sites called "super-sites". The research approach at 'Takayama site' in Japan showcases this response to the needs of multidisciplinary questions and further development of terrestrial ecosystem research to address environmental change issues from local to national, regional and global scales.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.79.1-79.1
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• 2015

We describe our ongoing project, Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies. This survey is designed to study transients such as Supernovae (SNe) in nearby galaxies. Our targets are UV-bright (MUV < -18.4) and nearby (d < 50 Mpc) 50 galaxies selected from a GALEX catalog, whose star formation rates are larger than normal galaxies. High star formation in these galaxies ensures that core-collapse supernova explosions occur more frequently in them than normal galaxies. By monitoring them with a short cadence of a few hours, we expect to discover 5 SNe/yr events. Most importantly, we hope to construct very early light curves in rising phase for some of them, which enables us to understand better the physical properties of progenitor star and the explosion mechanism. To enable such a high cadence observation, we constructed a world wide telescope network covering northern, southern hemisphere distributed over a wide range of longitudes (Korea, US, Australia, Uzbekistan and Spain). Data reduction pipe line, detection and classification algorithms are being developed for an efficient processing of the data. Using the network of telescopes, we expect to reach observe not only SNe but also other transients like GRBs, Asteroid, variable AGNs and gravitaional wave optical counter part.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.924-931
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the essence of the experiences of patients in an ICU, and to understand them from the patients' point of view. Methods: Participants in this study were six patients in P hospital. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and an observation method done from January to April in 2005. The method was analysis using the phenomenological method proposed by Colaizzi(1978). Results: The themes were classified into eight theme clusters. The eight theme clusters were finally grouped into four categories, 'shock', 'pain', 'gratefulness' and 'pleasure of revival'. Conclusion: The ICU patients had negative experiences in physical mental critical situations, but also positive experiences in consolation and nurses and families' encouragement. Therefore, ICU nurses must support patients and their families to minimize the negative experiences and maximize the positive experiences.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.247-256
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of listening to music on pain and vital signs of critically ill patients with ventilatory support in intensive care units during nursing treatment (changes of posture and tracheal suction). Methods: The experimental treatment was to use an mp3 player and a speaker to let them listen to classical music by Mozart during nursing treatment. To determine the effects of music intervention, pain (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool-K) was used. The data analysis was carried out by using PASW Statistics 20.0. Results: Hypothesis "The scores for pain would differ between the experimental group provided with music intervention during nursing treatment, and the control group" was supported. Conclusion: Application of music intervention during nursing treatment for critically ill patients with ventilatory support in intensive care units was found to be effective in reducing pain. Therefore, music intervention during nursing treatment for critically ill patients with ventilatory support can be used as non-pharmaceutical nursing intervention to reduce pain for the patients.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.351-363
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• 2016

This study examined in depth what teachers experience in a practical problem-based home economics class. This study established the research question, "What do teachers experience in the practical problem-based home economics class?" and selected three teacher participants who had steadily performed a practical problem-based home economics class to directly observe classes and conducted intensive interviews with the class performing teachers. The three research participants performed the practical problem-based class as a method of practicing their educational beliefs and based on a problem consciousness that textbook centered classes focusing on concepts cannot manage. They also tried to make efforts to reconstruct the textbook centered with practical problems to promote the critical thinking abilities of students. In practicing the practical problem-based class, the research participants recognized that it was important to show the present problems in reality to the students, teach broad value concepts, and establish rapport with students. They tried to make class content correspond to class evaluation. They felt awarded in how they influenced the development of students and the perception of home economics subjects in a positive way as well as experienced various actual difficulties in performing the practical problem-based class. The three research participants examined themselves through the agony and reflection of the class, and integrated the class with daily activities by applying problem solving methods of practical problem-based classes to their lives.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2007

Patients with febrile illness and skin rashes need full and immediate attention. In general, these diseases show mild manifestations and good prognosis. However, causalities of some diseases with fever and rash may be life threatening or trivial. So, the differential diagnosis for those patients is extensive. A through history, a careful physical examination and close observation of clinical progress are very helpful and essential to confirming the diagnosis. Histories of recent travel, drug or specific food ingestion, exposure to human or an animal source of infection may be useful to discover the cause. Although laboratory tests can be useful in making the diagnosis, laboratory results usually are not available immediately. Knowledge and experiences of such diseases may be helpful to reduce the differential diagnosis to a few major possibilities. Rashes can be categorized as petechial, maculopapular, vesicular, urticarial and erythematous. Potential causes include infectious pathogens such as virus, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirohetes, connective tissue diseases, allergic diseases and heamto-oncologic diseases. Because the severity of these diseases can vary mild to life threatening, physicians must perform prompt management decisions regarding empirical therapies. In this article, the differential etiological diagnosis of each type rash is reviewed and discussed, and with emphasis on intensive care of life threatening febrile diseases with rashes that are seen in our country.