• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제29권4D호
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• pp.509-521
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• 2009

In modern society the architecture surface involves a lot of meaning other than having simple physical functions. The interface space generated by the surface characteristics among those becomes to have many significances in modern society, and plays a role of symbolic space of a city. The interface space is threshold space that connects two separate spaces and revitalize its states. Nowadays, people have many chances to communicate each other through the interface space and also settle urban problems caused by spacial and functional discontinuity through the interface space. However, the interface space in Korea could not be built up well due to rapid growth of cities, and a lot of different natures in space and viewpoint have been appeared accordingly, which gives rise to a problem of the discontinuity of urban spaces. Therefore, this study aims at the research on the characteristics of interface space through architecture surface composing the major factor of a city; architecture integument in Nam-po Dong, Jung Gu, Busan City as the object of the study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.278-287
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• 1998

Carotenoids in integument of wild manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok, and wild and cultured masu salmon Oncohynchus macrostomus, which are all the Korean native cold fresh water fish, were investigated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The total carotenoid contents of the wild manchurian trout were $3.72\;mg\%$ which is relatively higher compare to other species of salmonidae. The carotenoids were composed of $36.9\%$ zeaxanthin and $14.7\%$ $\beta-carotene$ as the major compounds, $7.8\%$ triol $7.3\%$ isocryptoxanthin, $5.7\%$ 4-hydroxy echinenone, $4.7\%$ lutein, $4.5\%$ salmoxanthin and $2.2\%$ astaxanthin as minor compounds, and other carotenoids such as canthaxanthin, tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B, tunaxanthin C, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ and $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$ as minute carotenoids. Wild masu salmon contained more total carotenoids than cultured one and the contents were $0.82\;mg\%$ and $0.66\;mg\%$, respectively. The composition of the carotenoids from wild masu salmon were $20.7\%$ xeaxanthin, $17.0\%$ isocryptoxanthin and $15.8\%\;\beta-carotene$ as major compounds, and $6.2\%$ triol, $6.1\%$ 4-hydroxy echinenone, $6.1\%$ salmoxanthin, $5.9\%$ canthaxanthin, $5.8\%$ lutein, $4.9\%$ $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$ and $1.0\%$ astaxanthin as minor compounds. The composition of the carotenoids from cultured masu salmon were $19.7\%$ isocryptoxanthin, $18.0\%$ $\beta-carotene$ and $10.3\%$ zeaxanthin as the major compounds, and $8.9\%\;\beta-cryptoxanthin$, $8.5\%\;\alpha-cryptoxanthin$, $8.0\%$ lutein, $7.6\%$ canthaxanthin, $5.1\%$ triol and $2.0\%$ astaxanthin as minor carotenoids. Based on these data, wild masu salmon contained more zeaxanthin, salmoxanthin and 4-hydroxy echinenone while cultured masu salmon contained more $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$, indicating that carotenoid pigment of masu salmon depends on their living conditions. Unlike wild masu salmon, 4-hydroxy echinenone and salmoxanthin which are the characteristic carotenoids of salmons, were not found in the integument of cultured masu salmon. Unlike manchurian trout, both wild and cultured masu salmon did not contain tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B and tunaxanthin C.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2016

Eicosanoids are a group of C20 oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To monitor biosynthetic precursors of these PUFAs, this study extracted fatty acids from different tissues of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and assessed their compositions using GC/MS. Fifth instar larvae were dissected to isolate different tissues of gut, fat body, hemocytes, and integument. From each tissue, total lipids were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL). Most tissues contained palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3). However, their compositions were different among tissues and lipid types. Fat body and hemocytes possessed other type of fatty acids such as myristic acid (14:0) and three unknown fatty acids. Among lipid types, PL contained relatively high levels of linolenic acid than NL and GL, while it had lower saturated fatty acids. Total unsaturated fatty acid composition was varied among tissues and lipid types. PL was rich in unsaturated fatty acids in fat body, gut, and hemocytes. There was a significant influence of calcium-independent phospholipase $A_2$ ($iPLA_2$) on maintaining fatty acid composition because RNA interference of $iPLA_2$ expression significantly modified fatty acid compositions in NL and PL. However, this study did not detect arachidonic acid, a main eicosanoid biosynthesis precursor, in all tissues. This suggests an alternative biosynthesis of eicosanoids in insects, which is distinct from the biosynthetic pathway of mammals.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.240-246
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• 1994

This study was designed to determine the optimum pigment concentration supplemented in diet and feeding periods on the pigmentation of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using acetone-extracts of ascidian tunic as a natural pigment source. The eight pigmented diets contained carotenoid of ascidian tunic extracts at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 800, 1,600 and 3,200mg/kg of diet, carophyll pink at concentration of 800mg/kg and commercial diet. No difference in pigment concentration was found between the ascidian extracts group and the control group until 4 weeks, but the redness of muscle and integument in the 1,600, 3,200mg/kg diet and carophyll pink was increased in the dorsal and caudal areas of fish from 6 weeks of age. In the sensory panel test, fish fed the ascidian tunic extracts diet were similar to those fed the carophyll pink diet. The optimum concentration and feeding periods for pigmentation of rainbow trout was found to be ascidian tunic extracts of 1,600mg/kg diet for 8 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2006

Present study aims to study antioxidant enzyme activity due to turbidity change in various tissues of Carassius auratus. As for the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity in tissues of C. auratus pursuant to the raising period under 50, 100, and 150 NTU with turbid water levels, there was no great difference between 50 NTU and 100 NTU compared to a control (0 NTU), however, it demonstrated a relatively noticeable difference at 150 NTU high turbid water level. When considering the antioxidant capacity in tissues of C. auratus in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, there was shown a high activity in gill and liver tissues, therefore, it is thought that there appears a non-enzymatic antioxidant reaction when C. auratus is reared under the condition of highly turbid water. As for the enzymatic antioxidant reaction of antioxidant enzyme activity got increased as turbid water level went higher in order of 50, 100, 150 NTU, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-s-transperase (GST), increased in all tissues except for an integument, up to 20th day when it was started to be reared, and they showed a gradual decrease as time passed by. However, since the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is very low in almost all tissues, it is thought that the role of those enzymes would be quite ignorable in the course of antioxidant process.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2012

The skin is the largest organ of the integument system whose surface is closely related to many physiological and pathological conditions. The skin surface is closely related to functional status of the epidermis and dermis. The outermost surface of the skin shows characteristic pattern defined by small furrows are called micro-relief. The micro-relief change is according to physiological and pathological conditions of the skin. But, there is no data on health Korean skin micro-relief yet. This study presents some aspect of health Korean skin micro-relief from the twenties. The silicon replicas obtained from forearm, dorsum hand and finger were analyzed by profiles were accessed by stereoscopy. We measured density of furrow, width of furrow, and depth of furrow in micro-relief with sectioned silicon replica sample using stereoscope. Stereoscopic analysis showed that male group has a larger density of furrow and depth furrow in finger significantly. The densities of furrow were shown different not only between forearm and finger but also between finger and hand in male with female group. In conclusion, there were differences results between sex different and regional difference in skin replica profile. These quantitative data can be used for basis of further skin research for Korean.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.194-208
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• 1985

The ultrastructure of the integumental epidermis of Korean planaria (Dugesia japonica) is studied by light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The planaria has mono-layered integumental epidermis in which most of cells exhibit irregularly columnar shape. The epidermal cells of the integument are classified into six types on the basis of cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. 1) Ciliated epithelial cells: These cells have cilia in their free surfaces. The axonemes of cilia exhibits fundamental 9+2 microtubular pattern. 2) Eosinophilic cells: These cells contain a few large eosinophilic granules. The core of eosinophilic granule is consisted of sparsely dispersed fibrillar structures in relatively electron-lucent ground material. 3) Mucous cells: These cells are filled with irregularly shaped, PAS-positive mucous granules which have an average size of $0.8\\times0.3 \\muM$. 4) Rhabdite-forming cells: These cells possess a few strongly-eosinophilic large rhabdite granules. The rhabdite granules are synthesized either in the rhabdite-forming cells which constitute integumental epidermis or in the corresponding cells which are developed in the parenchyma and later transferred to epidermal cells of integumental epidermis through basement membrane. 5) A-type of basophilic granule cells: These granule cells possess round or irregularly-shaped granules which are strongly stained with Alcian blue. These electron-dense granules have an average size of $1.5\\times1.0 \\muM$. This type of cells is derived from parenchymal tissue. 6) B-type of basophilic granule cells: These basophilic granule cells with PAS-positive granules, are found in the epidermis of lateral body wall. The granules, which are about $0.7\\times0.4 \\muM$ in size, occupying most part of this cell type are originated from the parenchyma.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.466-471
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• 1996

The survey on the chitinolytic activity of some plants was performed for the purpose of obtaining some reliable and inexpensive sources of chitinase. Rice, soybean for sprouting, kiwi fruit, almond and crude papain were investigated. Rice bran, seed coat of the soybean and the pericarp of kiwi fruit showed a considerable activity, while the bean after the removal of the seed coat, the mixture of rice integument and endosperm, polished rice, and defatted soybean powder didn't have any detectable activity. These crude enzymes have shown to contain both endo- and exochitinase activity. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity were variable. Furthermore we have observed the chitosanolytic activity from these enzyme Preparations. The rice bran had the highest activity in the enzymatic degradation of chitosan, and seed coat of soybean and the pericarp of kiwi fruit followed. On the basis of the fact that crude papain was not only commercially available but also the most potent in the endochitinase activity and the lowest in the exochitinase activity, we could conclude that crude papain was considered as the most suitable source of the chitinase among plants studied in this paper. In addition, rice bran was worth further investigation from the point of utilizing agricultural by-product.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1987

Mulberry leaf sprayed on at the various concentrations of cadmium (Cd) was fed on the just molted fifth instar through the 6th day of the fifth instar and content of cadmium and zinc in the feces, organs and tissues involved were analyzed by spectrophotometer. Along with the effect of those heavy metals on development of the relevant organs and tissues sexwise. 1. The residual content of cadmium on mulberry leaf was about 50% of the total cadmium and the weight of feces disposed from the cadmium fed larvae was less than the control. There was distinctive differences in female-wise disposal of feces between cadmium treatment and control ; cadmium treatment female larvae disposed less feces than female of control. 2. Fourteen percent of the total dry weight of the anterior plus the middle silkgland and of the posterior silkgland in cadmium 100ppm treatment was decreased in female but only 9% of the anterior plus middle silkgland in male was made, showing no decrease the weight of the posterior silkgland in male. 3. Decrease of the dry weight of the silkgland, fat body and hindgut was made in cadmium 100ppm treatment and contrarily the weight of midgut and malphihian tube were increased. The total larval weight of the female and male were decreasd in cadmium 100ppm treatment and the decreasing ratio was higher in famale. 4. There wasa no detection of cadmium in all of the organs and tissues of the control and in those of the cadmium treatment the high residual content was in order of the midgut, hindgut, malphighian tube and head. A slight accumulation of cadmium was shown in fat body and silkgland. 5. Cadmium accumulation in the midgut was higher than in female but in the fat body, malphighian tube, trachea and integument was contrarily high in the female than male. 6. The total zinc content of the larvae was below 60ppm in the control and 80ppm in cadmium 100ppm treantment. The increase of zinc content in cadmium treatment was made on silkgland, malphigian tube and midgut but contrarily the decrease of zinc content in fat body was resulted. 7. In cadmium treatment, much more cadmium accumulation took place in the female and zinc accumulation was made much more in the male.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.353-359
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' is one of the most popular peach varieties in Korea. This study was conducted to monitor the developments of cells and tissues, and the changes in sugar contents during fruit growth and development. At bloom, there were two rows of vascular tissues, and the number and the position of internal vascular bundles were consistent during the fruit growth, however, the number of vascular tissues were increased and the distribution was irregular in the flesh tissues. The tissues between the inner integument and the internal vascular bundles showed different development characteristics from other parenchyma cells which were consisted of small and dense cells containing tannins. Such observation suggested that the stone of peach was consisted of inner epidermis and cells in the internal vascular tissues. The outer epidermis consisted of single layer cells at bloom differrentiated into 1-2 layers by horizontal cell divisions on 14 days after full bloom. On 30 days after full bloom, the epidermis was consisted of 5-6 layers by vertical cell divisions. The cell layers consisting the outer epidermis were gradually decreased to 1-2 layers at maturity. The observations on the changes in the epidermis confirmed that some of the cells consisting the hypodermis of peach fruit were originated from the cells of outer epidermis. Tylosis was observed from 35 days after full bloom and the size and number of tylosis were increased until full fruit maturity. The sucrose content showed the tendency of sharp increase from 50 days to 120 days after full bloom then decrease slightly. After when stone hardening ended, other solids showed a gradual decrease tendency from 80 days after full bloom.