Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2016.04.0.011

Fatty Acid Composition of Different tissues of Spodoptera exigua Larvae and a Role of Cellular Phospholipase A2  

Kim, Yonggyun (Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University)
Lee, Seunghee (Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University)
Seo, Seunghwan (Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University)
Kim, Kunwoo (Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University)
Publication Information
Korean journal of applied entomology / v.55, no.2, 2016 , pp. 129-138 More about this Journal
Abstract
Eicosanoids are a group of C20 oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To monitor biosynthetic precursors of these PUFAs, this study extracted fatty acids from different tissues of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and assessed their compositions using GC/MS. Fifth instar larvae were dissected to isolate different tissues of gut, fat body, hemocytes, and integument. From each tissue, total lipids were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL). Most tissues contained palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3). However, their compositions were different among tissues and lipid types. Fat body and hemocytes possessed other type of fatty acids such as myristic acid (14:0) and three unknown fatty acids. Among lipid types, PL contained relatively high levels of linolenic acid than NL and GL, while it had lower saturated fatty acids. Total unsaturated fatty acid composition was varied among tissues and lipid types. PL was rich in unsaturated fatty acids in fat body, gut, and hemocytes. There was a significant influence of calcium-independent phospholipase $A_2$ ($iPLA_2$) on maintaining fatty acid composition because RNA interference of $iPLA_2$ expression significantly modified fatty acid compositions in NL and PL. However, this study did not detect arachidonic acid, a main eicosanoid biosynthesis precursor, in all tissues. This suggests an alternative biosynthesis of eicosanoids in insects, which is distinct from the biosynthetic pathway of mammals.
Keywords
Eicosanoid; Fatty acid; Phospholipase; Spodoptera exigua;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Jurenka, R.A., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Loher, W., Blomquist, G.J., 1988. De novo biosynthesis of arachidonic acid and 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 963, 21-27.   DOI
2 Jurenka, R.A., Pedibhotla, V.K., Stanley, D.W., 1999. Prostaglandin production in response to bacterial infection in true armyworm larvae. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 41, 225-232.   DOI
3 Kim, Y., 2014. Development and application of novel biopesticides using insect immunosuppression, in: Park, Y., Chun, I., Kim Y., Lim, U.T., Lim, J. (Eds.), Horticultural crops: development and application of novel technologies. Institute of Andong National University Agricultural Science and Technology, Andong, Korea, pp. 38-112.
4 Park, B., Kim, Y., 2010. Transient transcription of a putative RNase containing BEN domain encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus induces an immunosuppression of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105, 156-163.   DOI
5 Park, J., Stanley, D., Kim, Y., 2014. Roles of peroxinectin in $PGE_2$-mediated cellular immunity in Spodoptera exigua. PLoS ONE 9, e105717.   DOI
6 Park, Y., Kumar, S., Kanumuri, R., Stanley, D., Kim, Y., 2015. A novel calcium-independent cellular $PLA_2$ acts in insect immunity and larval growth. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 66, 13-23.   DOI
7 Pedibhotla, V.K., Sarath, G., Sauer, J.R., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., 1995. Prostaglandin biosynthesis and subcellular localization of prostaglandin H synthase activity in the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25, 1027-1039.   DOI
8 Petzel, D.H. and Stanley-Samuelson, D.W. 1992. Inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis modulates basal fluid secretion in the Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). J. Insect Physiol. 38, 1-8.   DOI
9 SAS Institute, Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT user's guide, release 6.03, Ed. Cary, N.C.
10 Shrestha, S., Kim, Y., 2009. Various eicosanoids modulate the cellular and humoral immune responses of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73, 2077-2084.   DOI
11 Shrestha, S., Park, Y., Stanley, D., Kim, Y., 2010. Genes encoding phospholipase $A_2$ mediate insect nodulation reactions to bacterial challenge. J. Insect Physiol. 56, 324-332.   DOI
12 Stanley, D., Kim, Y., 2014. Eicosanoid signaling in insects; from discovery to plant protection. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 33, 20-63.   DOI
13 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Dadd, R.H., 1981. Arachidonic acid and other tissue fatty acids of Culex pipiens reared with various concentrations of dietary arachidonic acid. J. Insect Physiol. 27, 571-578.   DOI
14 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Dadd, R.H., 1984. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids from adult Galleria mellonella reared on diets to which only one unsaturated fatty acid had been added. Insect Biochem. 14, 321-327.   DOI
15 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Loher, W., 1983. Arachidonic and other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in spermatophores and spermathecae of Teleogryllus commodus: significance in prostaglandin-mediated reproductive behavior. J. Insect Physiol. 29, 41-45.   DOI
16 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Ogg, C.L., 1994. Prostaglandin biosynthesis by fat body from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24, 481-491.   DOI
17 Van Kerkhove, E., Pirotte, P., Petzel, D.H., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., 1995. Eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors modulate basal fluid secretion rates in the Malpighian tubules of the ant, Formica polyctena. J. Insect Physiol. 41, 435-441.   DOI
18 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Jurenka, R.A., Blomquist, G.J., Loher, W., 1986. De novo biosynthesis of prostaglandins by the Australian field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 85, 303-307.   DOI
19 Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., Jensen, E., Nickerson, K.W., Tiebel, K., Ogg, C.L., Howard, R.W., 1991. Insect immune response to bacterial infection is mediated by eicosanoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1064-1068.   DOI
20 Toolson, E.C., Ashby, P.D., Howard, R.W., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., 1994. Eicosanoids mediate control of thermoregulatory sweating in the cicada, Tibicen dealbatus (Insecta: Homoptera). J. Comp. Physiol. B 164, 278-285.   DOI
21 Yajima, M., Takada, M., Takahashi, N., Kikuchi, H., Natori, S., Oshima, Y., Kurata S., 2003. A newly established in vitro culture using transgenic Drosophila reveals functional coupling between the phospholipase $A_2$-generated activation of the immune deficiency (imd) pathway in insect immunity. Biochem. J. 371, 205-210.   DOI
22 Blomquist, G.J., Borgeson, C.E., Vundla, M., 1991. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids in insects. Insect Biochem. 21, 99-106.   DOI
23 Bade, M.L., 1964. Biosynthesis of fatty acids in the roach, Eurycotis floridana. J. Insect Physiol. 10, 333-341.   DOI
24 Balsinde, J., Balboa, M.A., Dennis, E.A., 1997. Antisense inhibition of group VI $Ca^{2+}$-independent phospholipase $A_2$ blocks phospholipid remodeling in murine P388D1 macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29317-29321.   DOI
25 Barbour, S.E., Kapur, A., Deal, C.L., 1999. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine homeostasis by calcium-independent phospholipase $A_2$. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1439, 77-88.   DOI
26 Destephano, D.B., Brady, U.E., Lovins, R.E., 1974. Synthesis of prostaglandin by reproductive tissue of the male house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Prostaglandins 6, 71-79.   DOI
27 Burke, J.E., Dennis, E.A., 2009. Phospholipase $A_2$ structure/function, mechanism, and signaling. J. Lipid Res. 50, 5237-5242.
28 Cripps, C., Borgeson, C., Blomquist, G.J., de Renobales, M., 1990. The ${\Delta}^{12}$ desaturase from the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): Characterization and form of substrate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 278, 46-51.   DOI
29 Dadd, R.H., Kleinjan, J.E., 1979. Essential fatty acid for the mosquito Culex pipiens: arachidonic acid. J. Insect Physiol. 25, 495-502.   DOI
30 Fast, P., 1971. Insect lipids. Prog. Chem. Fats Other Lipids 11, 181-242.
31 Folch, J., Lees, M., Stanley, G.H.S., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497-509.
32 Gadelhak, G.G., Pedibhotla, V.K., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., 1995. Eicosanoid biosynthesis by hemocytes from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25, 743-749.   DOI
33 Howard, R.W., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., 1996. Fatty acid composition of fat body and Malpighian tubules of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus: significance in eicosanoid-mediated physiology. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 115, 429-437.   DOI
34 Jurenka, R.A., de Renobales, M., Blomquist, G.J., 1987. De novo biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 255, 184-193.   DOI