• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2009

본 연구는 뇌성마비 아동의 성장발달에 기여할 간식개발을 위한 기초자료를 수집하기 위해 만 $1{\sim}7$세의 뇌성마비아동과 어머니 각각 99명을 대상으로 뇌성마비 아동의 신체발육과 식습관, 영양섭취상태, 간식섭취실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. WLI(Weight-Length Index)를 기준으로 비만도를 판정한 결과 저체중아비율은 45.5%, 정상아는 45.5%, 과체중아는 6.0%, 비만아는 3.0%로 나타났다. Waterlow 분류법을 이용하여 영양불량상태의 정도를 분류 해 본 결과 정상인 아동이 76.6%, 쇠약인 아동이 10.3%, 성장부진인 아동이 8.0%, 성장부진과 쇠약인 아동이 5.0%로 나타났다. 아동들의 영양섭취실태를 알아보기 위해 아동들이 식사 섭취한 내용을 한국인 일일 영양권장량과 비교분석한 결과 아연과 엽산의 섭취량 비율(%RI)은 모든 연령대에서 권장섭취량에 미달하였다. 권장섭취량의 75% 이하를 섭취하는 아동의 비율은 엽산(76.8%)과 아연(76.8%), 열량 (59.8%), 칼슘(52.4%), 철(52.4%)의 경우 50% 이상이었고, 권장섭취량의 125% 이상을 섭취하는 아동들의 비율이 단백질은 85.4%, 비타민 B6은 53.7%로 나타났다. 어머니들이 주로 구입하는 시판간식은 우유 및 유제품(43.5%)과 과일류 (33.3%)가 많았고 시판 간식에 대해서는 첨가물(보존료, 색소)을 가장 문제점으로 생각하고 있었다. 아동들을 위해서 성장발달에 도움이 되는 간식(50.5%)이 새로 개발되기를 가장 바라고 있어서 이에 대한 요구도가 가장 높았으며, 새로개발되기를 바라는 간식의 종류로는 떡류(47.5%)와 과자류 (24.2%) 및 빵류(22.3%)를 선호하였다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 뇌성마비 아동은 정상아동에 비해 성장이 느리고 영양소섭취량도 현저히 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구대상 아동들이 현재의 식품 섭취량으로만 계속 섭취한다면 정상적인 성장을 할 수 없을 것이다. 따라서 뇌성마비 아동과 같이 저영양 상태에 있는 아동의 성장발달과 건강증진을 위한 간식제품의 개발이 시급한 것으로 보인다. 새로 개발될 뇌성마비 아동을 위한 간식모형 도출결과 간식제품은 권장섭취량과 비교했을 때 가장 섭취가 부족한 것으로 나타난 아연과 엽산을 보충하여 성장발달에 보조역할을 할 수 있고 아동들의 저작기능을 향상시키고 손에 잡기 쉬운 형태인 떡의 형태가 가장 적합한 형태로 도출되었으므로 향후 이러한 간식 개발에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구의 제한점은 뇌성마비 아동의 식사 섭취 조사의 어려움으로 인하여 일일의 식품섭취량만을 조사하여 보고한 것이라 할 수 있다. 그리고 아연과 같은 미량영양소의 영양 상태를 정확하게 측정할 수 있는 생화학적 조사가 더 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.463-474
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• 2010

The nutrient intake and association between dish group intake and blood glucose and serum lipid level (TG, cholesterol, LDL and HDL) was analyzed among 3 groups: 452 subjects in normal blood glucose group (NG: fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose < 140 mg/dL), 258 subjects in impaired fasting glucose group (IFG: fasting blood glucose 100~125 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ${\geq}$ 140 mg/dL) and 101 subjects in diabetic group (DG: fasting blood glucose $\geq$ 126 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ${\geq}$ 140 mg/dL). The data were obtained from the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey of Korea. The 811 subjects were adults aged 40~64 without dietary treatment. In nutrients intake, IFG was the highest and DG the lowest in both quantity and quality. DG, especially, had the lowest intake in carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, Ca, P, K, vitamins B1 and C, and consumed the highest amount of alcohol. In macronutrients distribution ratio, the DG diet showed a lower energy intake from carbohydrates but higher from fat than the NG diet, while IFG showed a higher energy intake from carbohydrates and lower intake from fat in supper out of 3 meals and snacks. IFG preferred salt-fermented foods and DG preferred soups, braised foods and kimchi compared to other groups. NG preferred multi-grain cooked rice and both IFG and DG preferred plain white cooked rice. Regarding the association between dish group intake and blood glucose, cooked rice, soups, salt-fermented foods and kimchi were significantly related to blood glucose. In blood lipids, steamed-foods, beverages and fruits were inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, whereas cooked rice, stews, saltfer-mented foods, seasoned-fermented foods and seasoned vegetables were directly proportional to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and related diseases. Therefore, it is beneficial to avoid rich, salty and fatty foods and heavy alcohol consumption for controlling blood glucose and blood lipids, while steamed foods, foods rich in fiber (like multigrain rice) as a staple, and fruits and teas are recommended for preventing or managing type 2 diabetes risks.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

This study investigated the food habits of the elementary school children according to obesity index. The subjects included 1,307 elementary school children classified into four groups according to their individual obesity indices: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The distribution of subjects by BMI was 51.5% underweight, 32.9% normal weight, 7.3% overweight, and 8.3% obese. Of these children, 62.6% ate breakfast everyday, and common weight control methods were exercise and diet. Lack of appetite was the most common reason for skipping breakfast(75.3%). Most students(74.7%) had Korean traditional cooked rice and side dishes for breakfast, and 69.6% of students responded that their meal speed was $10{\sim}30$ minutes. In conclusion, the food habits influencing obesity were eating speed, snack intake after dinner, and the number of snacks, while the size of meals did not influence obesity.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Background According to the Sasang constitutional medicine, eating habits according to the characteristics of Sasang Constitution (SC) types affect management of chronic diseases and health conditions. The aim of this study is to identify the association between eating habits, such as breakfast, eating frequency, and energy intake, according to SC, and quality of life. Method This study is a cross-sectional study of people aged 33 to 55 years, sampled by stratification based on population distribution. The SC types were classified into Taeeumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY) using a structured questionnaire (KS-15). Items examined regarding eating habits were whether the subjects had breakfast; the frequency of eating such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and after-dinner snacks; and energy intake surveyed using a food frequency questionnaire. As for quality of life, SF-12, which is widely used worldwide to assess health conditions, was utilized. A regression analysis was conducted on the relations between eating habits according to SC and quality of life. Results The SC distribution of the 3,895 subjects was 47% for TE, 22% for SE, and 31% for SY. The scores indicating quality of life differed for TE and SY depending on whether they ate breakfast and eating frequency groups, and those of SE varied depending on levels of energy intake. A regression analysis having adjusted all covariates demonstrated for TE a positive relation between the eating frequency of three times per day or more (compared to 1.5 to 3 meals per day) and quality of life (B=1.365, p<0.001). For SE, there was a negative association between low energy intake (compared to adequate energy intake) and quality of life (B=-1.642, p=0.004). Meanwhile, no relation was found between eating habits and quality of life for SY. Conclusion This study identified the association between eating habits according to SC types and quality of life. For TE, it was found to be important to eat evenly dispersed adequate amounts as opposed to overeating or binging at once. For SE, adequate energy intake affected good quality of life. This study suggests that eating habits based on SC improve quality of life, and health management customized for each constitution should be performed in the future through proper eating habits.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2023

본 연구는 광주 내 대형마트와 온라인 마켓에서 영유아를 대상으로 판매하는 과자류 80건 및 음료류 40건의 식품첨가물(타르색소, 인공감미료), 곰팡이독소 및 영양성분(자당, 무기질)을 분석하였다. 유아용 표시 식품의 기준 및 규격이 불검출로 설정된 타르색소와 사카린나트륨은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 과자류(기타가공품) 1건에서 인공감미료인 아세설팜 칼륨이 0.07 g/kg 검출되었으나 이는 식품첨가물의 기준 및 규격에서 정한 허용 기준치 이하였다. 곰팡이독소는 아플라톡신 및 오크라톡신 A는 검출되지 않았으며, 푸모니신 B1, B2 및 제랄레논이 각각 과자류에서 14건(9.78-78.94 ㎍/kg), 6건(5.58-11.73 ㎍/kg) 및 9건(2.96-8.83 ㎍/kg) 검출되었다. 푸모니신에 대한 기준·규격은 따로 설정되어 있지 않았으나 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 비슷한 수준이었으며, 제랄레논은 식품 일반에 대한 공통 기준·규격 이내로 확인되었다. 자당은 과자류에서 65건(0.02-40.94 g/내용량(g)), 음료류에서 24건(0.12-27.60 g/내용량(g)) 검출되었으나 식품유형간 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 그 함량도 적은 편이었다. 다만, 검출 시료 89건 중 1건을 제외하고는 모두 1일 영양성분 기준치를 성인 기준으로 표시하고 있었기 때문에 제품 구입 시 영유아 기준으로 오인될 우려가 있다. 무기질은 대부분의 시료에서 검출되었으며 과자류 중 4건의 시료에서 내용량 당 아연 함량이 상한섭취량(1-2세: 6 mg/일, 3-5세: 9 mg/일)을 초과하는 수준이었다. 아연 강화식품이나 보충제의 과다 섭취가 인체의 유해성을 보인다는 다수의 보고가 있으므로 섭취시 유의할 필요가 있다. 나트륨은 과자류 80건 중 16건이 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준을 초과하였으나 모두 품목제조보고서상 영유아 섭취 대상 식품으로 표시하지 않아 해당 기준을 적용할 수 없었다. 따라서 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준·규격을 설정과 함께 현재 시행되는 기준·규격이 알맞게 적용될 수 있도록 표시 기준 강화 등의 제도적 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.519-532
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis of dietary habits, snacks, eating out and fast-food intake between students with a relatively early sexual maturity and others with a relatively late sexual maturity in a bid to grasp the impact of dietary behaviors on sexual maturity. The subjects in this study were 565 boys and girls who resided in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. They included fifth- and sixth-grade school children and seventh-grade middle school students. To classify the selected students according to the level of sexual maturity, the students of the same month age were divided into two groups in consideration of the stage of their sexual maturity and that of the other age groups. The early mature group was significantly taller and weighed more than the late mature group irrespective of gender. According to Tanner stages, the boys of the early mature group reached a 3.03 stage of sexual maturity when the sexual organs were taken into account, and those of the late mature group reached a 1.50 stage of sexual maturity. The girls of the early mature group reached a 3.43 stage of sexual maturity on the basis of breast, and those of the late mature group reached a 2.73 stage of sexual maturity. Concerning eating out, the early mature group ate out more frequently than the late mature group. In regard to snacks, the early mature group had a snack more often. The findings of the study indicated that there were differences in physical development and some dietary behaviors according to sexual maturity. The early mature group had a snack and ate out relatively more often than the late mature group, which showed that some dietary behaviors had an impact on the sexual maturity of the teens who arrived at the age of puberty.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.157-169
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• 2008

On the general trends of weight control for slimness, this study surveyed and compared eating attitude influenced by eating disorder, eating habits, and nutrition knowledge by obesity index in middle school girls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating disorders and eating habits, and analyzed these data by degree of obesity. This will provide basic information of nutrition education for adolescents who need to have proper body shape and dieting habits. This survey was conducted to one of girls' middle school in Incheon and all the data was analysed by SAS(Statistical Analysis System) program. The average height, weight and PIBW were 158.7cm, 48.2kg, and 93.9% in students. However, 50.8% of students were underweight or severely underweight. Most of female students perceived that they were normal or overweight even though they had underweight or normal. There was a significant difference in experience and intention of weight control by degree of obesity. In the overweight group, EAT-26 score tendency was high, especially preoccupation with losing weight(factor 1). It shows that obesity index had meaningful correlation with EAT-26 score and factor1. In dietary habit, overweight group showed more irregular meals tendency, and overeat frequently. On the other hand, this group had lower frequency and of smaller amount snacks. The intake frequency of meals and snacks showed in the affirmative way regardless of degree of obesity. The average score for nutrition knowledge about calorie and weight control was low. Correct answer rates were increased in higher overweight group. In conclusion, teenage girls who concerned too much about their slim body image need to be educated about accuracy concept of the body image. Also, practical and systematic nutrition education should be done for the correct nutrition knowledge and its application ability of individuals.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.574-579
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• 2016

Objectives: Vitamin C has various functions such as antioxidative effect and supporting absorption of iron (Fe). Aim of this present study was to provide vitamin C nutrition information and to briefly evaluate absorption interaction of vitamin C and Fe content of vitamin C emphasized products. Methods: Vitamin C emphasized foods including beverages, cereal, snacks, chocolate products, other cocoa products, and sugary products were examined by HPLC. Fe contents in samples after dry-ashing were examined by ICP. Results: Vitamin C content ranges in various products tested were the following: beverages (n=11) $20.15{\pm}0.08{\sim}845.41{\pm}6.07mg$, cereal (n=11) $52.50{\pm}0.23{\sim}262.50{\pm}0.07mg$, snacks (n=1) $50.00{\pm}0.25mg$, chocolate products (n=1) $311.73{\pm}2.44mg$, other cocoa products (n=1) $311.73{\pm}2.44mg$, other sugary products (n=2) $52.50{\pm}0.23{\sim}262.50{\pm}0.07mg$. Vitamin C (n=27) analysis values ranged from 82 to 450% of the labeled value. Vitamin C content in vitamin C emphasized food (n=6) was estimated 7.7 times~56.6 times more than Fe content. Conclusions: Analyzed samples ranged more than 80% of the labeled value in vitamin C emphasized products, which complied with food labeling regulation. But, beverages (n=3), cereal (n=4), chocolate products (n=1) were 2 times more than the labeled value. To provide accurate nutrition information, food manufactures should supervise nutrition labeling and understand the interactions between nutrients. Also, consumer should decide about the adequate amount of nutrient intake by thoroughly checking nutrition labeling.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

Objectives : We supposed that identifying the influencing factors on DMFT index in the primary school children in Pocheon be indispensible for the primary school children's oral health program establishment in Pocheon. So, to prepare the basic materials for the primary school children's oral health program establishment in Pocheon, we analyzed the associated factors which could have an influence on the primary school children's DMFT index in Pocheon. Methods : We selected 3,676 primary school children in Pocheon, whose age were from 6 to 11, and surveyed those children by a questionnaire and the oral examination based on WHO's oral health survey method. Data were analyzed with a $x^2$-test and multiple regression analysis using SPSS $15.0^{(R)}$. Results : The results of oral survey in the primary school children in Pocheon revealed as follows: DMFT index, National Health Oral health survey of 2006 people nationwide in the results when compared to younger grade children and older grade in the low and the higher. Subjective oral health awareness, high of viscosity junk food snacks, fruit, gender, dental visits and humidity, oral health education classes, including the variable of attitude was 6(p<0.05). Their higher awareness of dental health, oral health education classes ever the more positive attitude to DMFT index was statistically significant(p<0.05). Solid in the habit of eating junk food snacks to the students of a liquid relative to student intake was higher DMFT index indices(p<0.05). Conclusions : We could reason that one's oral health recognition and behavior should have a relationship with his(her) DMFT index.