• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of image on the preference and intake frequency of 19 vegetables. A total of 359 usable surveys were collected using a convenient sampling method. The subjects included females (51.8%), university students (50.7%), home residents (66.9%) and subject's spending 20,000~40,000 won on meals/week (41.5%) and eat out 2~3 times/week (29.5%). The intake frequency of vegetables was 2~3 times per month. The healthy image of all vegetables was good overall and the average preference was 3.78 (out of 5 on the Likert). Tomatoes had the healthiest image, onions the highest preference, and Korean cabbage the highest intake frequency. For males, the vegetable with the healthiest image was sesame leaf, while the healthiest foods for females were broccoli and tomatoes. Elementary students had a healthier image of cucumber, bean sprouts, radish, sesame leaf, lettuce, radish leaf, and cabbage than university students and adults. Home residents had a healthier image of cabbage and burdock than other types of residents. Subject that st over 20,000 won per week on meals had a higher image of most vegetables. In terms of preference, males liked Korean cabbage, green pumpkin, balloon flower roots, radish leaf, and lotus root, but female liked tomatoes. In addition, elementary students, home residents, and subjects who eat out less often tended to prefer vegetables. In terms of intake, there was a high frequency of intake for all vegetables in adults. Home residents specifically had a higher intake of cucumber, carrot, bean sprouts, spinach, green pumpkin, balloon flower roots, lettuce, radish leaf, broccoli, burdock, lotus root, and tomato. Overall, the healthy image of vegetables had a positive influence on their preference and intake frequency. Therefore, to encourage the intake of vegetables, direct or indirect variables should be examined.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2012

We investigated whether socioeconomic differences affect fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption with respect to total intake and intake of various FV subgroups. Our study included 6667 adults aged 40-64 years who completed a dietary survey in the fourth Korean NHANES (2007-2009). FV intake was estimated from 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Differences in FV consumption related to educational attainment were analyzed according to different nutritional categories of FV. Both men and women in the low-education group had the lowest intake of total FV and total fruits, and women also had the lowest intake of total vegetables. Also lowest in this group was consumption of mushrooms and vegetables (excluding kimchi) among men, and cruciferous and allium vegetables (excluding Chinese cabbage and radish) among women, while kimchi consumption was the highest in this group. Additionally, an association between educational level and intake of citrus fruits was evident among men. Adults in the low-education group consumed less carotene-rich FV, red fruit and/or vegetables, and dark-green leafy vegetables, fewer total vegetable dishes, and fewer types of fruit than in other groups. Men in this group had the lowest intake of yellow/orange fruit and/or vegetables, and women consumed the least folate-rich FV. There is a clear association between educational attainment and FV intake with regard to total intake, and to specific nutrients, bioactive compounds, colors, and variety.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.580-588
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to provide useful insights into plain water intake of Korean adults according to life style, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. The subjects were 14,428 aged 20-64 years. Water intake was estimated by asking the question "How much water do you usually consume per day?". Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire including 63 food items was also administered. RESULTS: The mean plain water intake for men and women were 6.3 cup/day and 4.6 cup/day, respectively. Plain water intake increased as lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index levels increased, except for percentage of body fat. As energy and alcohol intakes increased, plain water intake increased. As total weight of food intake and total volume of food intake increased, plain water intake increased. Plain water intake increased as consumption of vegetables increased. Plain water intake increased as frequencies of green tea, alcoholic drink, and all beverages were increased in men. Plain water intake increased with increased frequencies of green tea, milk, soy milk, and alcoholic drink and decreased frequencies of coffee and soda in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that persons who had a higher waist circumference or lean body mass and women with higher BMI consumed more plain water. The persons eating high quality diet, or the persons who had more vegetables, green tea, milk, soy milk, or alcoholic drink consumed more plain water.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.585-591
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to measure the dietary folate intake of Korean women of childbearing age. Folate intake obtained from 24-hour recall method and food frequency questionnaire was assessed in two hundred and ninety-three nonpregnant and non-lactating healthy women of childbearing age. The mean folate intake of women aged 20-29 was 112.8ug/day, 49.3% of their recommended level of 250ug/day. Folate intake of women aged 30-49 was 129.0ug/day, significantly higher than that of participants aged 20-29. A quartile analysis on the folate intake revealed that there significant differences in the consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables (p<0.01), other vegetables (p<0.01), and fruits and legumes(p<0.05) between the highest of childbearing age is far from adequate. To reach of the present study show that the folate intake of Korean women of childbearing age is far from adequate. To reach the recommended intake level of 250ug/day for women of childbearing age, folate supplementation and special nutrition education promoting folate intake might be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.386-394
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was designed to explore the association of diet with menopausal symptoms in Korean women, Method: For this cross-sectional survey, 276 women aged between 45-55 years visiting two branches of K-university hospital located in Seoul and Ansan of Kyunggi province were recruited from April to July, 2002. A menopause-specific quality-of-life questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire were used to measure menopause-related symptoms and the intake of 28 types of foods. Result: No differences were found in the levels of bothersome total menopausal symptoms, physical symptoms, psychosocial symptoms, and sexual symptoms according to the intake of each food. Only higher intake of fishes, seaweeds, and vegetable oils were inversely associated with bothersome levels of vasomotor symptoms. Women with higher intake of yellow-green vegetables and lower intake of coffee, confectionery, and processed foods reported lower hot flush rate. Conclusion: The results suggest that higher intake of yellow-green vegetables and lower intake of coffee, confectionery and processed foods may relieve hot flushes. Further study needs to be pursued to study the relationship with nutrients of these foods and hot flushes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetable eating behaviors and preferences of elementary school students by stage of change for vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 191 fourth and fifth grade elementary school students from Gyeonggi province. The stage of change for vegetable intake was categorized into three groups: precontemplation (PC, 18.4%), preparation (P, 43.5%), and action/maintenance (A&M, 48.2%). The trend to eat a variety of foods was more distinctive as the students went from the PC to the A&M stage. The stage of change for vegetable intake was closely related with the kimchi-eating pattern of the students. The A&M group ate more vegetables than the PC group because they liked vegetables and/or wanted to prevent disease. The PC group had a lower tendency to follow recommendations for vegetable eating than the P and A&M groups. The PC group also had an incorrect notion that low vegetable consumption over an extended time would not have a big impact on their health. The vegetables of high preference for the elementary school students were potato, sweet potato, lettuce, radish, perilla leaf, cucumber, and cabbage. The vegetables of low preference were spinach, onion, balloon flower, and green pepper. The PC group had lower preferences for most vegetables than the P and A&M groups. Therefore, careful nutrition education is necessary especially for students in the PC group in order to explain the positive effects of vegetable intake and negative effects of an unbalanced diet. It is also necessary to survey students' tastes consistently and to develop recipes that encourage them to consume more vegetables agreeably.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate variables related to dietary fiber intake among sixth grade children in an elementary school in Daejon city. One hundred and forty-seven children completed a questionnaire for determining their socioeconomic background and their food habits. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and a 24-hour diet recall method was used to collect three-day food intakes. The socioeconomic status of the children's families belonged to the upper middle class; 53.0% of their fathers and 25.8% of their mothers had completed college or higher degrees. 27.9% of the mothers had jobs, including part-time jobs. Approximately 30% of the children skipped breakfast, 66.4% of the children preferred animal foods to plant foods, and 52.4% of the children preferred green vegetables to yellow or pale vegetables. Grilled meat dishes, such as Grilled beef rib with seasoning, Bulgogi, grilled pork belly and beef steaks, were the most popular types of food eaten outside home by the children. Daily dietary fiber intake was 14.5 g in boys and 14.5 g in girls, and these intakes are low compared to the standard guidelines. The average intakes of energy and protein of the children were 84.5% and 114.0% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), respectively. Besides energy, riboflavin, iron and calcium intakes were below the RDAs, and especially calcium intake was only 50% of the RDAs. On the other hand, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid, protein and phosphorus intakes exceeded the Korean RDAs. Family income or the children's body mass index (BMI) was not directly related to dietary fiber intakes. However, higher dietary fiber intakes tended to be related to higher intakes of green vegetables and fruits. Children with higher dietary fiber intake tended to prefer plant foods to animal foods. Energy and most nutrients, except heme iron and retinol, showed positive relationships with dietary fiber intake. Especially potassium and plant origin protein and calcium were highly correlated with dietary fiber intakes(r＞0.6). From these results, it is concluded that dietary fiber intakes of these sixth grade elementary school children were less than the standard reference and it is anticipated to decrease further in the future with increased incomes. Therefore, increased intakes of dietary fiber by elementary school children should be promoted through nutrition education, together with the development of cooking methods and recipes utilizing green vegetables and fruits.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Observational studies suggest that an association between vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the daily intake of vegetables on a national level and its effect on the risk of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was conducted a cross-sectional design of 2,510 male adults 40-64y of age who participated in the 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Daily intake of vegetable was assessed by 24-h recall, and the consumption frequency of vegetables was determined using a food frequency questionnaire. The odd ratio of CHD risk according to daily intake and frequency of vegetables was analyzed. RESULTS: Total vegetable intake was inversely and significantly associated with the risk of CHD (Model 1: 4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.96, P for trend = 0.0015), and the significant relationship with CHD risk remained even after adjusting for potential confounders (Model 3: 4th vs. 1st quartile, adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.95, P for trend = 0.0492). Subjects in the higher quartiles of non-salted vegetable intake had 31% lower odds of the risk of CHD compared to those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for various potential confounders in model 3 (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.49-0.97, P for trend = 0.0478). No significant associations between the frequency of vegetable intake (total, green, white and red vegetable) and the risk of CHD were found. CONCLUSIONS: The major results of this study indicate that higher vegetable intake may help prevent CHD in Korean men.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.343-351
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• 2002

This survey was conducted to investigate the dietary behavior and health status of Buddhist nuns. In this study, 100 Buddhist nuns in Seoul were selected. The dietary survey was focused on the diet in winter. The age distribution was as follows; 24% of the subjects were in their 20s, 45% in their 30s, 23% in their 40s, and 8% in their 50's and over, respectively. The percentage of the subjects living in temples close to the downtown area was 77% and the rest resided in areas remote to the downtown area. Over fifty percent of the subjects were satisfied with their diet at temple. And 59% of the subjects were eating a snack more than once a day. The snacks included fruits (60%), raditional tea (20%), coffee (9%), bread and cookies (4%), md rice cakes (3%), etc. Among food groups, the intake of green-vegetables and fruits were the highest and intake of milk and bean products were low which may cause calcium and protein deficiency. Most of the subjects believed that their health conditions were average or above average. About 50% of subjects didn't exercise at all. The frequencies of gastro-intestinal diseases and anemia were extremely high. About 50% of subjects took some form of medicine. To improve their health and nutritional status, it is required that they practice a good dietary behavior, maintain a balanced diet, and exercise regularly.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of breast cancer recurrence by comparing the risk factors and lifestyle patterns related to breast cancer in Korean women with and without recurrence. Methods: This cross-sectional survey comprised 241 Korean women diagnosed with breast cancer who had received follow-up treatment. Participants were recruited from a university hospital in Seoul and an online social media platform for breast cancer patients. Data were collected either via online or a paper survey, using a structured questionnaire that included general and disease-related characteristics and lifestyle behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and logistic regression. Results: Recurrence of breast cancer was influenced by four factors; childbirth experience, consumption of green/yellow vegetables, drinking behavior, and recovery from fatigue after sleep. Prevalence of recurrent breast cancer was associated with no childbirth experience (OR=2.29, p=.010), fewer green/yellow vegetables (OR=0.71, p=.008), drinking behavior (OR=0.24, p=.001), and a lower level of recovery from fatigue after sleep (OR=0.51, p<.001). Conclusion: Aside from having experienced childbirth, this study identified several modifiable factors that influence breast cancer recurrence. Increasing green/ yellow vegetable intake, alleviating fatigue, and reducing alcohol intake are important. Intervention strategies in clinical research and practice can be applied to address risk factors and reduce the prevalence of recurrent breast cancer.