• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2009

The concept about zoo is changing from the animal exhibition which simply contained the animals to the ecological zoo which has the function of preserving the animal species. At the central point of maintaining such role, the basic principle called the animal welfare lies obviously. Korea has applied the animal welfare principles such as carrying out the enrichment in the zoos since 2003, but there has not been any institutional device to evaluate and examine the application of the animal welfare so far. This study aims to confirm the level of animal welfare in Korea and suggest a developmental direction. For the purpose of the study, 12 zoos in Korea were evaluated according to 68 evaluating categories. 'Five Principles of Animal Welfare' in the Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice were selected and carried out as the evaluation categories, and the result, from the highest to lowest score given, was 'provision of food and water', 'provision of protection from fear and distress', 'provision of health care', 'provision of an opportunity to express most normal behaviours', and 'provision of a suitable enrichment' with the overall score of the entire Korean zoos being 2.86 (${\pm}$ 0.56). It was also confirmed that in order to improve the animal welfare of the Korean zoos, the animal management system must be standardized and organized. The evaluation and feedback, the active practice of animal welfare and its legislative support should be provided to establish an effective institutional device as well.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.91-96
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the program for enhancing the interaction capacity between the child care institutions and the original family (associate) and propose a program suitable for the child care institutions. The program was conducted at two institution located in Seoul and Cheongju, and the process evaluation and outcome evaluation were conducted. First, the problems that appeared in the process evaluation were recruiting and maintaining participants. As a result of the satisfaction of each program, it was found that the satisfaction of the program sharing the various experiences or sharing the small daily life was high, and it was positive for the improvement of the relationship. Parents showed improvement in the post -test rather than the pre-test. Through qualitative assessment, positive evaluations were made in programs where the family participated in activities that could not be done together in the camp or everyday life, rather than just one-time activity programs.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.145-173
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to verify that several theories explaining the determinants of welfare expenditure is applied to the family policy expenditure and to find out if there' re unique determinants of the family policy expenditure. We analyzed the data (OECD 14 countries for 1980~2005) by pooled time series analysis. As for industrialization theory, female labor force participation rate has positive effect on family policy expenditure while population under 15-year children has negative effect, which refers to the demand of family policies is that of female workers, not children's. Power resource theory is applied to the determinants of family policy expenditure as those of welfare expenditure. Women's political & economic empowerment has partly positive effects on family policy expenditure, which is the evidence of the effectiveness of feminist theory. In the institutional theory, we verified the effect of policy legacy but couldn't find out the crowding-out effect. The theoretical implication of this study is the empirical verification of the theories explaining the determinants of welfare expenditure being applied to the family policy expenditure. We also suggested the political and institutional foundation to effectively respond to the new social risks in spite of budget constraints, which can be a policy implication.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.135-145
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a forest experience program on the lung capacity, health & fitness, emotional intelligence, and psychological well-being of local children.This study was conducted on 3rd and 4th grade elementary school students for 12 weeks from July 10 to September 30, 2022, at a local children's center in D City. Changes were analyzed and verified using t-test. Verified. The changes in the lung capacity, health & fitness, emotional intelligence, and psychological well-being of the experimental group and the control group were analyzed and verified using t-test.For the changes in lung capacity and health & fitness, there was a statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in lung capacity (t=24.56, p<.05), and there was also a statistically significant difference between the two groups in cardiorespiratory endurance among the elements of health & fitness (t=16.64, p<.05). As for the changes in emotional intelligence and psychological well-being, there was statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in the emotional intelligence (t=2.31, p<.05) and in psychological well-being (t=3.21, p<.05). Through this study, the positive effects of the forest experience program were confirmed, and it is believed that institutional arrangements are needed to improve children's participation conditions by expanding forest experience education spaces and developing customized forest experience programs to suit the characteristics of the region.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.444-450
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• 2009

This study examined the preferred salinity levels of soups by different demographic groups in order to establish desirable serving conditions for soups with respect to customer satisfaction and health. The salinity levels were measured in August and November to determine seasonal variations using a digital salinity measuring device. Four demographic groups totaling 1,723 individuals were surveyed from institutional foodservice establishments (IFEs) in elementary schools (ES: male 202/female 194), middle-high schools (MHS: 268/216), universities (UNIV: 208/238), and companies (COM: 182/215) in Seoul. Various thin or thick soups typically offered in foodservice establishments were served salty (1.2%) and less salty (0.4%) at $55{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in a 50 mL portion. The preferred salinities of the soups were found to be 0.71%, 0.79%, 0.76%, and 0.74% for ES, MHS, UNIV, and COM, respectively. Men had 0.02~0.08% higher preferences than women in ES, MHS and UNIV. The customers also preferred higher salinity levels in November than in August, and in thick soups than in thin soups. The salinities preferred by school children were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those of soups by the IFEs. A similar observation was made for MHS, in which each IFE served the soups with significantly (p<0.01) higher salinities than those preferred by the students. Again, at two COM IFEs, the salinities of the soups served were significantly higher than those preferred by the customers. However, for one of UNIV, the salinity of the served soup was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that preferred by the students, while in the two other UNIV no significant differences were noted between the salinity of the served soup and the level preferred by customers. The surveys showed that 9 out of 12 IFEs served soups having salinities that were significantly higher than those preferred by customers. In particular, regardless of preference, the MHS group was served soups with higher salinity levels than the other demographic groups. The salinities of the soups provided by the IFEs were unnecessarily high for the levels preferred by the customers. Therefore, IFEs should make an effort to serve soups that are less salty soups to enhance public health.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.54-71
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• 1991

Health of a nation is quite often represented by the statistics such as infant death rate and maternal mortality rate. It is indisputable that maternal child health(MCH) is the basis of health of a nation. MCH is also one of the cardinal component of primary health care. The importance of MCH is conspicuous especially in the developing countries. In Korea, People in the rural communities still have high access barrier to basic health care needs, including MCH services. Access to quality care during pregnancy and delivery seems to be the crucial factor in preventing deaths in women and children. The beneficial effects of prenatal and postnatal care on the outcome of pregnancy for mother and child, and those of health professional-attended institutional delivery on the health of mother and child have been well documented in many studies. Recognizing these effects, the government of Korea received IBRD loan of $30 million in 1979 for th purpose of constructing 89 rural MCH centers. The construction is complete now and all 89 MCH centers are under operation ti imporve primary health care for mothers and children in Korea. However, it has been observed over time that overall performance of public MCH centers is declining. The decline has been attributed partly to low quality services by public MCH centers, poor management by health center mangers, competition with for-profit private clinics, and to the development of national health insurance. This study investigates the utilization by rural communities in Korea of MCH services provided by public sector health centers deemed to be physically and financially accessible to the community but suboptimally used. It seeks also to determine the factors that influence people's utilizations. This study sets out to discover a desirable form of MCH center from among alternative forms of centers, thereby to construct a MCH model.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.81-102
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the work-family reconciliation level of married women in double-income households. Specifically, the study aimed to test the positive spillover effects, asymmetry, and differential functions of work-family reconciliation. The study thus analyzed 1,114 married women in double-income households in the third-year data of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF) done by Korean Women's Development Institute (KWDI), with the exception of those who were separated, divorced, or widowed from their husbands. The data were put to descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. AMOS 20.0 was used to test the hypothesis on positive spillover effects, asymmetry, and differential functions. The analysis results confirm that work-family conflict, family-work conflict, work-family facilitation, and family-work facilitation are different concepts, thus supporting the hypothesis on positive spillover effects. Secondly, the negative effects of family on work were greater than those of work on family, whereas the positive effects of family on work were greater than those of work on family, which finding partially supported the hypothesis on asymmetry among the components of work-family reconciliation. Finally, the married women in double-income households with preschool children experienced more work-family conflict and family-work conflict than those with no preschool children, which result supported the hypothesis on differential functions between the two groups of women. The findings were combined to provide implications for the utilization of family resources, policies for work-family reconciliation, and plans for institutional supports to promote the work-family reconciliation of married women in double-income households.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2009

Purpose: Injuries are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the childhood population worldwide. Thus, this study was down to investigate the type and the severity of injuries according to the age group in childhood. Methods: A survey of injury information and a chart review were done on 378 children (257 boys, 121 girls) who visited the Emergency Departments of Asan Medical Center from March 1, 2009, to March 31, 2009. To determine differences in injury mechanism, accident place, injury site, New Injury Severity Score (NISS) and Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), we divided the 378 patients into 4 group: under 1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 15 years. Results: The mean (${\pm}SD$) age of the study group was 5.1 (${\pm}4.4$) years. Two year olds formed the largest group of injured children, with 77 cases (20.4% of the total). The most common cause of injury in childhood was being hit by an object (26.2%). Falls were frequent in the under-1-year group (22.2%) and slip downs (30.1%) were more frequent in 1-to-4-year group. More than half (53.4%) of the injuries occurred in the home, and the most common places of home-related injuries were the living room (41.1%) and the bedroom (31.2%). The mean (${\pm}SD$) NISS was 1.5 (${\pm}1.8$), and traffic accidents had the highest NISS ($2.8{\pm}5.1$). Injuries occurred most frequently during the evening. The peak period was 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM (33.7%). Conclusion: Patterns of childhood injury by age group were considerably different, and less severe and nonhospitalized injuries were common. Thus, need to improve surveillance of a variety of injuries, promote intersectional collaboration, build institutional capacities and mobilize community support and policy as an investment in prevention.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the efficacy and safety of the treatment of with fermented oyster extract on height growth in children with short stature. Methods A total of 100 people, between 6 and 11 years old, will be participated in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled human study. The fermented oyster group will take 500 mg of fermented oyster extract once a day for 24 weeks. The placebo group will take 3400 mg of fructooligosaccharide as placebo once a day for 24 weeks. The outcomes of the intervention will be measured at the baseline, 6 week, 12 week, 18 week, and 24 week. The primary outcome is the changes in height from the baseline. The secondary outcomes are growth rate, height SDS, bone age, GH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, osteocalcin, BALP, DPD, and LH. Results This trial was approved by the institutional review board of Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital (registry number: PNUKHIRB-2019002). Recruitment of the research participants will be opened from May 2019 till December 2019. Conclusions This study will provide clinical information to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment with fermented oyster extract on height growth in children with short stature.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.111-134
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study is to verify the structural relationships among work-family balance, resilience, job satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy and happiness of double income couples with 3~5 years child(ren). Method: This study distributed structured self-reported questionnaires and used the data of 229 couples with 3~5 years child(ren) for an analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for checking the measurement unity and a structural equation model was performed to reveal the structural relationship using AMOS software. Results: In a structural relationships among work-family balance, resilience, job satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy and happiness, a total of 13 paths appeared significant. The influence of the husband on the wife was more significant than that of the wife on the husband, and resilience was found to have a strong influence on the happiness of wife and husband. The work-family balance was different for wife and husband. Conclusion: These results suggest that it is necessary to develop various programs and approaches for the development of resilience to promote their happiness. As a policy direction in the future, with a goal of a shift to the paradigm, 'raising children together,' an institutional support should be prepared for the concretization of the formation and practice of the value of co-parenting children.