• 보존과학연구
• /
• 통권5호
• /
• pp.148-166
• /
• 1984

The Investigation of organisms damaged to papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Property in the Ch'ang Dok Palace The investigation of the airborne fungi, the attached fungi to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in addition to the insects inhabiting at the Ku Sonwon Jon, Shin Sonwon Jon and Yonwa ch'anggo in the Ch'ang Dok Palace carried out from Jul. 10 to Jul. 21,1984.The results are summarized as follows ;1. Isolation and identification of the airborne fungi from the three storages were Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, As pergillus cervinus, A. flavus, A. nidulance, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Penicillium adametzii, P.albicans, P.canescens, P. citreo-viride, P. citrinums, P. decumbens, P. frequentans, P. funiculosum, P.herquei, P.implicatum, P.multicolor, P.nigricans, P.nonatum,P.purpurogenum, P.roqueforti, P.viridicatum, Trichodema viride, Geotrichumcandidum, Curvvlaria lunata, Torula hebarum, T.thermophila, Itersoniliasalmonicolor, Drechsclera avenue, Candida sp., Acremonium sp., and Botrytis sp., It was found that thirty five species in thirteen genera was isolated. Among them, the dominant species was Cladosporium sp., and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and so on.2. The attached fungi directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties were twenty-nine species in fourteen genera, namely, Acremonium sp., Albertiniella sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus,A.niger, A.ornatus, A.versicolor, Botrytis sp., Bysochlamys sp., Carpenteles sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Eurotium sp., Mucor sp., Penicilliumcanescens, P.chermesium, P.citrinum, P.frequentans, P.funiculosum, P.herqueiP .implicatum, P.javanicum, P.luteum, P.purpurogenum, P.thomii, P.viridicatum, Torula thermophila, Trichoderma koningi and T.viride. Among them, the mostfungi distributed on the surface of the papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the order was Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichodermaand so on.3. The insects collected the three storages were ten genera and ten species including 916 specimens. By classifying the insects collected, the most species of the insects was Stenoscelodes hayashii of 857 specimens occupied about 93% of the total insect. And the other insects were collected as Microgamme costipennisAnobium pertinax, Xenomimetes alni, Anthrenus verbasci, Holoparmecus signatus,Thermobia domestica, Halyomorpha brevis, Drosophila coracine and Brattaorientalis. As described above, it could be known that the most airborne fungi was Cladosporium and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in the three storages. And the most attached fungi distributed on the surface of papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the other fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Trichoderma and so on. Accordingly, from the results, itwas assumed that the major part of airborne fungi were attached to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties. The paper and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in Ch'ang Dok Palace were chiefly damaged by S.hayashii in Coleoptera.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 2009

상용화된 Trichogramma sp. Nabis101은 알 기생봉으로 대상 기주 범위가 넓어 해충 방제용으로 농생태계에 방사되고 있다. 더욱이 최근에 미생물농약과 혼용 기술이 개발되어 이들의 적용 확대가 기대되고 있다. 그러나 아직 이 기생봉의 정확한 종 동정이 되어 있지 않다. 또한 비교적 불규칙적 수요에 대응하여 생존력과 기생 능력 차이 없이 기생봉을 저장할 수 있는 기술이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 이 기생봉의 internal transcribed spacer (ITS)의 염기서열을 결정하였다. 이를 토대로 이 기생봉의 종 동정을 실시한 결과 T. brasiliensis와 가장 높은 유사성을 나타냈다. 이 기생봉의 저장은 기생 초기의 기주 알을 $10^{\circ}C$에서 보관하는 기술이 결정되었다. 이 조건에서 기생봉은 5주 동안 생존력, 성비, 수명 및 기생능력의 큰 저하 없이 유지될 수 있었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.317-327
• /
• 2008

Phytocystatins, which are inhibitors of plant cysteine peptidases, are involved in the regulation of protein turnover and in the defense against insect pests and pathogens. Extensive searches in the Brassica rapa genome allowed the prediction of at least eight different phytocystatin genes on seven chromosomes in the B. rapa genome. Structure comparisons based on alignments of the all BrCYS ($\underline{B}$. $\underline{r}apa$ $phyto{\underline{cys}}tatin$) proteins using the CLUSTALW program revealed conservation of the three consensus motifs known to interact with the active site of cysteine peptidases. According to the phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequences, the eight BrCYS proteins were divided into several clusters related to the orthologous phytocystatin. The predicted three-dimensional structure models of the eight BrCYS proteins demonstrate that all of these proteins are similar to the reported crystal structure of oryzacystatin-I (OC-I). Digital northern and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the eight BrCYS genes exhibit different expression patterns in B. rapa tissues and respond differently to abiotic stimuli. The differences in gene structure and expression between the eight BrCYS genes suggest that these proteins may play diverse physiological roles in B. rapa and may interact with cysteine peptidases through different mechanisms.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 2019

The popularity of keeping stag beetles (Dorcus titanus castanicolor Motschulsky 1861, Coleoptera: Lucanidae) as pets has increased. Consistent with the rise in the number of insect farms using these beetles, the number of contaminated or diseased D. titanus castanicolor has also increased. This investigation was conducted to analyze the cause of D. titanus castanicolor disease. The contaminated larvae of D. titanus castanicolor showed Allomyrina nudivirus infection symptoms similar to those of Allomyrina nudivirus infection. However, the disease carried by of D. titanus castanicolor is not derived from the virus infecting Allomyrina, as determined by PCR. Our study revealed that the major gut microbes of infectious D. titanus castanicolor belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria, and specifically, Pseudomonas knackmussi (Symptom 1 - 39.62% to Symptom 2 - 41.50% to Symptom 3 - 76.76% as the disease progressed severely) and Citrobacter koseri (Symptom 1 - 1.48% to Symptom 2 - 6.04% to Symptom 3 - 6.16% as the disease progressed severely) were detected. Additionally, a high proportion of larvae from the uninfected group were found to harbor bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (72%). However, as the disease progressed severely in these beetles, the proportion of Firmicutes decreased (Symptom 1 - 72.03% to Symptom 2 - 44.7% to Symptom 3 - 26.3%). These findings imply that colonization by Firmicutes was inversely proportional to Proteobacteria colonization in the gut. This was found to be true for both the normal and disease conditions of D. titanus castanicolor. In this study, we examined the distribution of intestinal microbial communities in normal and contaminated larvae. We observed a correlation between these contaminated microbes and the overall health of the beetle, and our findings suggest that there may be a link between disease progression and the gut microbiome.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2010

Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14)는 곰팡이와 곤충 등에서 세포벽이나 외골격을 형성하는 생물학적 방어기질의 구성 요소인 chitin의 ${\beta}$-1,4-linkages를 가수분해하는 효소이다. 이러한 chitinase를 포함하는 Glycosyl hydrolases 18 family는 Archea, Prokaryotes 그리고 Eukaryotes에 널리 퍼져 있는 Ancient gene으로 알려져 있다. 그 중, 지렁이는 곰팡이와 세균이 많은 환경에서 자라기 때문에 이러한 미생물들의 공격으로부터 스스로를 보호할 수 있는 면역체계를 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 연구에서는, 붉은줄지렁이 (Eisenia andrei)의 중장에서 발현되는 Chitinases의 cDNA 서열을 얻기 위해 기존에 알려져 있던 EST 서열을 가지고 RT-PCR 및 RACE-PCR을 수행하였고 이를 통해 E. andrei의 중장에서 발현되는 Chitinase의 특성을 동정 및 규명하였다. 그 결과 309개의 아미노산을 암호화하는 927개의 염기 서열을 얻을 수 있었으며 다른 종들의 Chitinases와 아미노산 서열을 비교 분석한 결과 지렁이의 Chitinase는 Glycosyl hydrolases 18 family에 속하고, 기질 결합과 촉매 작용에 관여하는 2개의 영역이 잘 보존되어 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제76권3호
• /
• pp.243-248
• /
• 1987

The U.S. Forest Service administers the world's largest forestry research organization. From its modest beginning in 1876, some 30 years before the United States national forest system was established, the research branch has devoted its effort to meet current and future information needs of the forestry community of the United States, not just for the U.S. Forest Service. The research branch is one of three major administrative units of the U.S. Forest Service. The others being the National Forest System and State and Private Forestry. Currently the National Forest System comprises 155 national forests, 19 national grasslands, and 18 utilization projects located in 44 states. Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The National Forest System manages these areas for a large array of uses and benefits including timber, water, forage, wildlife, recreation, minerals, and wilderness. It is through the State and Private Forestry branch that the U.S. Forest Service cooperates and coordinates forestry activities and programs with state and local governments, forest industries, and private landowners. These activities include financial and technical assistance in disease, insect, and fire protection ; plan forestry programs ; improve harvesting and marketing practices ; and transfer forestry research results to user groups. Forestry research is carried out through eight regional Forest Experiment Stations and the Forest Product Laboratory. Studies are maintained at 70 administrative sites, and at 115 experimental forest and grasslands. All of the current sciences that composed modern forestry are included in the research program. These range from forest biology (i. e. silviculture, ecology, physiology, and genetics) to the physical, mathematical, engineering, managerial, and social sciences. The levels of research range from application, developmental, and basic research. Research planning and priority identification is an ongoing process with elements of the research program changing to meet short-term critical information needs(i. e. protection research) to long-term opportunities(i. e. biotechnology). Research planning and priority setting is done in cooperation with National Forest Systems, forest industries, universities, and individual groups such as environmental, wilderness, or wildlife organizations. There is an ongoing review process of research administration, organization, and science content to maintain quality of research. In the U.S. Forest Service the research responsibility is not completed until the new information is being applied by the various user group : I. e. technology transfer program. Research planning and development in the U.S. Forest Service is a dynamic activity. Porgrams for the year 2000 and beyond are now in the planning stage.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제59권1호
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 2020

안동지역 농가 주변의 정수에서 두 종의 모기가 채집되었다. 형태적 특징을 바탕으로 이들이 한국숲모기(Aedes koreicus)와 줄다리집모기(Culex vagans)로 각각 동정되었다. 또한, DNA 바코드 서열을 분석한 결과 이러한 동정 결과를 뒷받침하였다. 이들 모기류 유충에 대해 곤충병원세균인 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (BtI)가 살충효과를 보였으며 유사한 B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki에 비해 우수하였다. 한편 곤충의 면역억제를 유발하여 B. thuringiensis의 병원력을 높인다고 알려진 Xenorhabdus 세균류의 배양액을 BtI에 첨가하여 이들 모기류에 대한 살충력 증가 효과 유무를 확인하였다. 분석에 이용된 3 종류의 Xenorhabdus 세균배양액 가운데 X. ehlersii (Xe)의 배양액이 비교적 다른 세균배양액에 비해 두 종의 모기류에 대해서 BtI의 살충력을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 Xe 세균배양액으로부터 유기용매 추출물의 생물활성을 분석한 결과 모기의 혈구 활착행동을 뚜렷이 억제시키는 면역억제자가 존재한다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 BtI와 Xe의 두 세균을 혼합한 비티플러스 미생물제제가 한국숲모기와 줄다리집모기의 방제에 효과적이라는 것을 제시한다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.317-331
• /
• 2016

Development of disease resistant plant is one of the important objectives in rice breeding programs because biotic stresses can adversely affect rice growth and yield losses. This study was conducted to identify lines with multiple-resistance genes to biotic stress among 173 hybrid rice breeding lines and germplasms using DNA-based markers. Our results showed that one hybrid rice line [IR98161-2-1-1-k1-3 (IR86409-3-1-1-1-1-1/IRBB66)] possessed 5 bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, xa5, Xa7, Xa13 and Xa21) while two hybrid rice lines [IR98161-2-1-1-k1-2 (IR86409-3-1-1-1-1-1/IRBB66) and 7292s (IR75589-31-27-8-33S(S1)/IR102758B)] possessed 3 bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21, and Xa3, Xa4 and xa5). Molecular survey on rice blast disease revealed that most of these lines had two different resistant genes. Only 11 lines possessed Pib, Pi-5, and Pi-ta. In addition, we further surveyed the distribution of insect resistant genes, such as Bph1, Bph18(t), and Wbph. Three hybrid breeding lines [IR98161-2-1-1-k1-3 (IR86409-3-1-1-1-1-1/IRBB66), IR98161-2-1-1-k1-2 (IR86409-3-1-1-1-1-1/IRBB66), and 7292s (IR75589-31-27-8-33S(S1) /IR102758B)] contained all three resistance genes. Finally, we obtained four hybrid rice breeding lines and germplasms [IR98161-2-1-1-k1-2 (IR86409-3-1-1-1-1-1/IRBB66), Damm-Noeub Khmau, 7290s, and 7292s (IR75589-31-27-8-33S(S1)/IR102758B)] possessing six-gene combination. They are expected to provide higher level of multiple resistance to biotic stress. This study is important for genotyping hybrid rice with resistance to diverse diseases and pests. Results obtained in this study suggest that identification of pyramided resistance genes is very important for screening hybrid rice breeding lines and germplasms accurately for disease and pest resistance. We will expand their cultivation safely through bioassays against diseases, pests, and disaster in its main export countries.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 1996

국내 우점종인 노랑털깔따구(Chironomus flaviplumus) 성충의 조항원을 제조하여 IgE 항체에 관여하는 주 항원 단백질을 찾아내고자 본 연구를 수행하였다 노랑털깔따구 성충의 조항원을 마우스에 $1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$과 $10{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$으로 각각 3회씩 면역시킨 결과 ELISA와 PCA 반응시험에서 모두 $1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$ 면 역군 중 9주째 얻은 혈청에서 가장 높은 깔따구-특이-IgE 항체를 얻을 수 있었다. 노랑털깔따구 성충의 조항원을 SDS-PAGE로 전기영동하여 16-18개의 단백질 구획을 얻었고 이를 chemiluminescent substrate를 이용하여 면역이적법을 시행한 결과 65 kDa에서 강한 단백질 구획이 52 35 및 25 kDa에서 약한 단백질 구획이 관찰되었다. 깔따구 조항원을 전기영동한 겔을 30개 절편으로 절단하여 추출한 각각의 단백질 분획을 P-K 피부반응검사한 결과, 65, 52 및 35 kDa 부위에서 강한 양성반응을 보여 항원성이 확인되었고, 25 kDa 부위에서는 약한 반응을 보였다. 면역이적법에서 관찰하지 못한 15 kDa 부위의 단백질에서도 높은 P-Ktiter값을 보여 15 kDa 단백질도 항원성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 국내 우점종인 노랑털깔따구 성충이 알레르기 질환의 원인 항원으로 작용하며 주항원 단백질은 15, 35, 52 및 65 kDa의 4개이고 이중 65 kDa 단백질이 가장 강한 allergen으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.413-419
• /
• 2016

Chlorantraniliprole은 곤충 근육의 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도를 조절하는 Ryanodine 수용기(RyR)에 작용 하는 diamide계통의 작물보호제이다. 최근에 보고된 chlorantraniliprole 저항성 배추좀나방 계통은 RyR에 돌연변이를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초파리를 모델 곤충으로 저농도와 고농도의 chlorantraniliprole로 도태된 두 종류의 저항성 계통을 확보하였다. 두 종류의 저항성 계통은 접촉독성과 섭식독성 평가법을 활용하여 저항성 지수를 산출하였다. 접촉 독성 평가에서 두 종류의 저항성 계통은 대조군과 비교하여 95% 신뢰구간에서 저항성 발달에 차이가 없었지만, 섭식 독성 평가의 경우에서는 고농도 저항성 계통과 저농도 저항성 계통에서 대조군 대비 각각 2.1배와 8.1배의 통계적으로 유의한 저항성 증가가 나타났다. 작용점 유전자인 RyR 발현량 비교 결과, 두 종류의 저항성 계통에서 RyR의 발현량이 유의하게 감소하였고, 주요 약제 관련 효소인 Acetylcholinesterase와 Glutathione-S-transferase 활성은 조직 특이적으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들은 초파리에서 chlorantraniliprole에 대한 섭식독성 저항성의 발달에는 주요 해독 관련 효소의 과활성도 관여할 것 임을 보여주고 있다.