• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1987

This study was designed to investigate the changing depositional pattern of inorganic enamel substances during enamel formation and maturation. For this purpose, white rat incisors which continuously grow and develop during the life, were chosen as specimens. And after treated with 20% KOH solution, outer surface of forming inorganic enamel were observed with the scanning electron microscope, dividing into 6 types according to the forming pattern from apical to cuspal direction. The observations lead to the following conclusions: 1. During the initial enamel forming stage, inorganic enamel substances were deposited with very irregular pyramidal shape on the root dentin surface. 2. During the enamel forming stage, inorganic enamel substances were deposited with relatively regular hexagonal, honey-comb appearance. 3. During the later enamel forming stage, inorganic enamel substances were deposited with very irregular and roughly amorphous appearance. 4. During the later enamel maturating stage, very small and round inorganic enamel substances were deposited densely, and made a flat enamel surface.

• 분석과학
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.233-242
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• 2019

Substance identification is the first step of the REACH registration. It is essential in terms of Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation and because even trace amounts of impurities or additives can affect the classification. In this study, a scheme for the screening, quantification, and interpretation of trace amounts of hazardous inorganic substances is proposed to detect the presence of more than 0.1% hazardous inorganic substances that have been affecting the hazard classification. An exemplary list of hazardous inorganic substances was created from the substances of very high concern (SVHCs) in REACH. Among 201 SVHCs, there were 67 inorganic SVHCs containing at least one or ~2-3 heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb, and Sn, in their molecular formula. The inorganic SVHCs are listed in excel format with a search function for these heavy metals so that the hazardous inorganic substances, including each heavy metal and the calculated ratio of its atomic weight to molecular weight of the hazardous inorganic substance containing it, can be searched. The case study was conducted to confirm the validity of the established scheme with zinc oxide (ZnO). In a substance that is made of ZnO, Pb was screened by XRF analysis and measured to be 0.04% (w/w) by ICP-OES analysis. After referring to the list, the presence of Pb was interpreted just as an impurity, but not as an impurity relevant for the classification. Future studies are needed to expand on this exemplary list of hazardous inorganic substances using proper regulatory data sources.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1983

Effect of root-knot nematode (Meloidigyne sp.) 1 infection on the growth and quantity of the inorganic substances in 6 year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was investigated. Naturally infected 6 year-old ginseng roots were grouped into 3 such as healthy, moderate, and heavy according to the degree of the nematode infection. The roots were sampled in the middle of October, 1980 for chemical analysis. Growth of roots in terms of fresh weight, dry weight, length and diameter was greatly reduced by the nematode infection. The content of inorganic substances was different among the various parts of ginseng roots and according to gall index. Phosphorous and nitrogen contents of the healthy ginseng roots were tend to higher than those of the infected ones, whereas calcium was high in infected roots in the order of heavy, moderate, and healthy. Content of the other inorganic substances was highest in the moderately infected roots, and lowest in the heavy one.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2008

Gypsum-wood composites were made by introducing inorganic substances into wood using calcium chloride, first treating solution, and sodium sulfate, secondary treating solution, by double diffusion process under atmospheric pressure at room temperature. The process conducted as follows: water saturated specimens were soaked in calcium chloride solutions at several concentration. Then the specimens were soaked further in saturated sodium sulfate solution, and they were leached in flowing tap water for 24h. To attain sufficient weight percent gain (WPG) values, the suitable concentration of calcium chloride and soaking time in saturated sodium sulfate solution were 20% and 48h, respectively. Inorganic substances were produced mainly in the lumina of tracheides. It was made sure that these substances were dihydrate gypsum($CaSO_4$ $2H_2O$) by X -ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). The composites had good fire resistance due to low heat transfer rate of gypsum formed in wood. However, the composites had little decay resistances, because they showed high weight losses by test fungi attacks.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2008

Inorganic chemical treated wood was prepared by impregnation of calcium or magnesium chloride ($CaCl_2$ or $MgCl_2$) solution and immersion in saturated solution of ammonium fluoride ($NH_4F$) as a reactant in order to make an introduction of a refractory fluorides with fungicidal and insecticidal effects in wood. The weight percent gains (WPGs) were increased with increase in concentration of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solution, and were higher in treatment with calcium chloride than with magnesium chloride. Inorganic substances were produced mainly in the lumina of tracheides. These substances were proved to be the calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride by the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). The treated wood showed good decay resistance because the weight losses were hardly occurred by the test fungi such as Tyromyces palustris and Trametes versicolor. The fire resistance effect was superior to the treated wood compared with that of the untreated wood.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.425-432
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• 2021

A tidal power plant (TPP) has been in operation since the end of 2011 to improve the water quality of Shihwa Coastal Reservoir (SCR). Tidal mixing rate increased 5.6 times after the TPP operation so that in this study, its effects on water quality was assessed through statistical analysis of long-term water quality monitoring data. It was found that the increased tidal mixing contributed to solving the hypoxia problem in the bottom water by preventing the summer stratification. The analysis also showed that the increased tidal mixing had different effects depending on the relative concentration difference for each water quality substances between the SCR and the outside of SCR. The average concentrations of some substances (chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a) with higher concentrations than the outside of SCR decreased due to the dilution effect, but the other substances (total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus) with lower concentrations compared to the outside ones increased on the contrary. Factor analysis also showed a consistent result that the first factor accounting for the water quality was changed from the organic-related substances to the nutrient-related substances after the increased tidal mixing. These results imply that the focus of future water quality management needs shifting from the organic substances to the nutrients, particularly dissolved inorganic nutrients. Considering the effect of inflow seawater on the nutrients, the management area should be extended to cover not only SCR but also a certain area outside of SCR.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

탄산칼륨 포화용액을 감압주입한 후, 염화칼숨 포화용액으로 확산처리하여 제조한 무기질 복합화 목재 중에 있어서 물 불용성의 무기염의 생성상태와 구성성분 및 이들 무기염이 생성된 목재의 방부성능에 대하여 조사하였다. 탄산칼륨 포화용액을 주입한 젖은 상태의 시험편을 염화칼슘 포화용액에 24, 72, 120시간 동안 침지시킨후, 미반응 용액 및 부생성물을 제거하기 위하여 흐르는 수도수에 24시간 세척하는 방법으로 무기질 복합화 목재를 제조하였다. 무기염의 생성은 염화칼슘 포화용액 주입 후, 72시간의 염화칼슘 포화용액 침지처리에서 평균 108.1%의 중량 증가율을 보여 최대치에 이르렀다. 시험편의 가도관 내강에 다량의 무기염이 생성되어 있는 것이 관찰되었으며, 이들 무기염은 물에 의해 용탈되지 않고 X선 분석에 의하여 다량의 Ca 원소의 특성 X선이 검출된 점으로부터 물 난용성의 탄산칼슘인 것으로 추정되었다. 처리 시험편에서는 공시균에 의하여 거의 중량감소가 발생하지 않아 가도관 내강에 생성된 탄산칼슘으로 추정되는 무기염이 목재의 방부성능 향상에 기여하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2016

The main purpose of this study was to derive managerial priority for pollutants in drinking water using the Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. We collected fundamental existing items based on a literature review for water pollutants, and deduced a total of 36 sub-items from nine core sectors, as follows: organic matter; inorganic substances; pathogenic organisms; chemicals; heavy metals; radioactive substances; sediment deposits; heat; and oil, and then conducted the first round of an expert study to ensure that objective indicators properly evaluate major issues for management of for drinking water quality. In the following round, the necessity and importance assessments of adjusted items were implemented using a content validity ratio index. Finally, items modified by Delphi surveys were applied to AHP. We computed weighted values by pair-wise comparison of sub-items and each of five sectors modified by the second round. According to the results of AHP, the managerial priority for pollutants in drinking water was as follows; while heavy metal placed first in importance, pathogenic organisms came second, followed by inorganic substances, organic matter and chemical substances from the sector perspective.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2011

In clinical chemistry tests, the interfering substances such as hemoglobin, lipid, bilirubin, and drugs, etc. can cause the changes of test results performed by spectrophotometrical methods. We evaluated the effects of interfering substances on the test results by adding interfering substances on the samples in the 19 kinds of clinical chemistry tests such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, triglyceride, uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphours, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein using newly implemented automatic chemical analyzer Toshiba TBA-C8000 under the direction of CLSI EP07-A guideline. Hemolytic samples show increased concentration of total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase and reduced concentration of total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase by interfering effect. Hyperlipemic samples show increased concentration of total protein and alkaline phosphatase and reduced concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The samples with conjugated bilirubinemia show increased concentration of inorganic phosphours, otherwise the samples with unconjugated bilirubinemia show no interference or allowable range in the test result.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

본 연구는 목재에 무기물인 규산나트륨과 붕산, 인산을 단독 또는 혼합 침지처리하여 시험편의 중량증가율 및 수축률, 흡습성과 휨강도와 압축강도 및 경도의 기계적 성질을 측정하였다. 또한, $300^{\circ}C{\sim}500^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 시험편을 탄화시킨 후, 중량손실을 측정하여 무기물 처리재의 내열성에 대하여 조사하였다. 1) 물유리 침지 주입 시 중량증가율은 처리온도보다는 농도에 더 큰 영향을 받았으며, 물유리와 붕산 및 인산의 혼합처리가 단독처리에 비해 높은 중량증가율을 나타내었다. 2) 무기물 처리재의 수축율은 물유리처리를 제외하고는 무처리재보다 낮은 수축율 값을 나타내었으며, 흡습성 실험 결과 물유리나 인산이 포함된 경우에 높은 흡습성을 나타내었다. 3) 기계적 성질에 있어 휨강도는 대부분의 무기물처리재가 무처리재보다 낮은 값을 보였으나, 압축강도와 표면경도는 물유리나 붕산이 처리된 시험편의 경우 무처리재와 비슷하거나 보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 4) 무기물 처리재를 $300^{\circ}C{\sim}500^{\circ}C$에서 탄화시킨 결과, 중량손실율의 약 50~70% 정도를 나타내어 무처리재보다 우수한 내열성을 나타내었다. 특히, $400^{\circ}C$까지의 온도에서는 시험편의 형태가 그대로 유지되었다.