• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-85
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• 1978

IDOD (Immediate Dissolved Oxygen Demand) is a value of the oxygen demand after 15 minute of inoculation by inorganic reducing salts. Industrial development and urban enlargement are bringing water pollution deeply, and industrial waste waters are the source of the inorganic reducing salts. Author investigated the IDOD value change according to the inorganic salts and gained the following results: 1. IDOD value influenced by $Na_{2}SO_3$ is 81.4 ppm. 2. Generally sulfur compounds are highly effecting on IDOD. 3. The nitrite salt had little influence on IDOD.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.278-288
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• 2021

The development of bioenergy through biomass has gained importance due to the increasing rates of fossil fuel depletion. Biomass is important to increase the productivity of bioethanol, and production of biomass with high biomass productivity, low lignin content, and high cellulose content is also important in this regard. Inorganic salts are important in the cultivation of biomass crops for the production of biomass with desirable characteristics. In this study, the roles of various inorganic salts in biomass and bioethanol production were investigated using an in vitro tobacco culture system. The inorganic salts evaluated in this study showed dramatic effects on tobacco plant growth. For example, H₂PO₄ substantially improved plant growth and the root/shoot (R/S) ratio. The chemical compositions of tobacco plants grown in media after removal of various inorganic salts also showed significant differences; for example, lignin content was high after Mg²⁺ removal treatment and low after K⁺ treatment and H₂PO₄ removal treatment. On the other hand, NO₃^- and H₂PO₄ treatments yielded the highest cellulose content, while enzymatic hydrolysis yielded the highest glucose concentration ratio 24 h after NH₄⁺ removal treatment. The ethanol productivity after H₂PO₄ removal treatment was 3.95% (w/v) 24 h after fermentation and 3.75% (w/v) after 36 h. These results can be used as the basis for producing high-quality biomass for future bioethanol production.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.343-348
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• 1987

The effects of salts such as aluminum sulfate as inorganic salt(2-4%), and sodium salts of citrate, tartrate, succinate, potassium tartrate and gelatin as organic salts(0.1%) on the formation of ${\alpha}$-calcium sulfate hemihydrate from by-product gypsum of phosphoric acid process under hydrothermal condition at 123$^{\circ}C$ and 133$^{\circ}C$ were investigated. Aluminum sulfate solution exhibited the catalystic effected on the crystallization of ${\alpha}$-calcium sulfate hemihydrate of which was assumed in the prismatic form, and organic salts solution exhibited little effect on the catalystic action to the crystallization, than inorganic salts. In the acidic solution with sulfuric acid(pH=2), needle like crystal of calcium sulfate hemihydrate was obtained. Hydrothermal process with aluminum sulfate solution also showed certain amounts of impurity removal such as phosphorus penataoxide from calcium sulfate hemihydrate.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2003

Setschenow constants of six alkali and alkaline earth metal-based electrolytes (i.e., NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, K$_2$SO$_4$, Na$_2$SO$_4$, NaClO$_4$) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., naphthalene, pyrene, and perylene) were investigated to evaluate the influence of a variety of inorganic salts on the aqueous solubility of PAHs. Inorganic salts showed a wide range of K$\_$s/ values (L/mol), ranging from 0.1108 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.6680 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for naphthalene, 0.1071 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.7355 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for pyrene, and 0.1526 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.8136 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for perylene. In general, the salting out effect of metal cations decreased in the order of Ca$\^$2+/>Na$\^$+/>K$\^$+/. The effect of SO$_4$$\^$2-/>Cl$\^$-/>ClO4$\^$-/ was observed for anions of inorganic salts. The K$\_$s/ values decreased in the order of perylene>pyrene>naphthalene for K$_2$SO$_4$. However, the order of decreasing salting out effect for NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, and NaClO$_4$ was perylene>naphthalene>pyrene. Hydration free energy of the 1:1 and 2:1 alkali and alkaline earth metal-based inorganic salts solution was observed to have a meaningful correlation with Setschenow constants. Thermodynamic interactions between PAH molecules and salt solution can be of importance in determining the magnitude of salting out effect for PAHs at a given salt solution.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2000

The elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile plays important roles in the seedling emergence and stand establishment of dry direct-seeded rice. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of seed-presoaking treatments of GA$_3$ and some inorganic salts on the mesocotyl, and coleoptile elongation of rice. Seed-soaked GA$_3$ promoted the elongation of mesocotyl, but little effect on the coleoptile elongation. The stimulation effects of GA$_3$ were found to be enhanced by addition of CaCl$_2$ However, the sole treatment of CaCl$_2$ showed no stimulating effect on the mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation. Mesocotyl elongation was most prominent in the combined treatments of 50ppm GA$_3$ with 100 mM CaCl$_2$. The synergistic effects of GA$_3$ and CaCl$_2$ on mesocotyl elongation varied with varietal groups. The stimulating effects of GA$_3$ were enhanced significantly by the addition of CaCl$_2$ in japonica varieties, Dongjinbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Milyang 95, and tall indica variety, Labelle, but not in semidwarf Tongil type varieties, Tongilbyeo, Milyang 23, and Nampungbyeo, and semi-dwarf indica, Short Labelle. The promoting effects of GA$_3$ on the mesocotyl elongation were decreased in proportion to the lowered osmotic potential by PEG 6000 on the contrary to CaCl$_2$ This implies that the synergistic effects of CaCl$_2$ with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation was not caused by osmotic potential lowered by CaCl$_2$ addition but by the salt itself. Salts such as Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, MgCl$_2$ BaCl$_2$, NaCl, KCl and KNO$_3$ showed the synergistic effects with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation as well. The degree of synergistic effects showed no differences among salts tested, implying that there is no specificity of ions constituting the salts.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2001

pH($H_2O$), pH(KCI), CEC(cation exchange capacity), O.M.(organic matter) and exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) of paddy soil, upland soil and forest soil in Kumi city were investigated for the purpose of knowing soil acidification and the correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts. The mean pH($H_2O$) values of paddy soil were 5.23(surface soil) and 5.69(subsoil) and 4.74(subsoil). The were 6.37(surface soil) and 6.11(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 4.67(surface soil) and 4.74(subsoil). The mean pH(KCl) values of paddy soil were 4.59(surface soil) and 4.98(subsoil) were 5.48(surface soil) and 5.04(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 3.82(surface soil) and 3.89(subsoil). The acidification of forest soil was more rapid than that of paddy soil and upland soil/ The total mean amounts of exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) in paddy soils were 6.14me/100g(surface soil) and 5.64me/100g(subsoil), and those in upland soils were 6.86me/100g(surface soil) and 6.65me/100g(subsoil), and those in forest soils were 4.06me/100g(surface soil) and 3.34me/100g(subsoil). The contents of inorganic salts in forest soil were much less than those of paddy soil and upland soil. The correlation coefficients(r) between pH($H_2O$) values and the total amounts of exchangeable cations in soils were $0.6635^{**}$(surface soil) and $0.6946^{**}$(subsoil), and those between pH(KCl) values and exchangeable cations in soils were 0.6629(surface soil) and $0.5675^{**}$(subsoil). The correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts in soil was positively significant at 1% level.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1997

The extent of binding of acid dye (methyl orange) by crosslinked poly-(4-vinylpyridine) (CHP4VP) has been investigated in aqueous solution containing of inorganic electrolytes such as NaCl and NaSCN. It was found that the first binding constants ($K_{1}$) in the presence of the salts were smaller than those in the absence of the salts and the values of $K_{1}$ showed a bell-shaped curve against temperature. These results are discussed in terms of both the competition binding between the dye and salt anions for the crosslinked polymer and the change of hole size of CHP4VP with the addition of the salts.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 1981

비타민과 무기염류가 팽나무 버섯균(菌)의 균사생육(菌絲生育)과 자실체형성(字實體形成) 미치는 영향에 대하여 실험하였다. 비타민 중에서는 티아민이 제일 우수하였고 그 최적 농도는 $50{\mu}g%$이었으며, 무기 염류 중에서 $KH_{2}PO_{4}$의 최적농도는 0.2%, $MgSO_{4}$의 최적농도는 0.02%이었으며 그 밖의 무기염류를 단용 또는 혼용시에 균사(菌絲)와 자실체(字實體)의 수율에 효과가 없었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.723-737
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• 2005

The effects of pH (5, 7 and 9) and ionic strength of different salts on the flocculation characteristics of humic acid by inorganic (alum, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with degree of neutralization, r=(OH/Al) of 1.7) and organic (cationic polyelectrolyte) coagulants, have been examined using a simple continuous optical technique, coupled with measurements of zeta potential. The results are compared mainly by the mechanisms of its destabilization and subsequent removal. The destabilization and subsequent removal of humic acid by PAC and cationic polyelectrolyte occur by a simple charge neutralization, regardless of pH of the solution. However, the mechanism of those by alum is greatly dependent on pH and coagulant dosage, i.e., both mechanisms of charge neutralization at lower dosages and sweep flocculation at higher dosages at pH 5, by sweep flocculation mechanism at pH 7, and little flocculation because of electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged humic acid and aluminum species at pH 9. The ionic strength also affects those greatly, mainly based on the charge of salts, and so is more evident for the salts of highly charged cationic species, such as $CaCl_2$ and $MgCI_2.$ However, it is found that the salts have no effect on those at the optimum dosage for alum acting by the mechanism of sweep flocculation at pH 7, regardless of their charge.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.1284-1288
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• 2009

본 연구는 천일염 결정 내에 함유된 무기물들의 화합물 결정 상태를 비파괴적인 방법인 XRD 방법으로 규명할 수 있는지를 조사하기 위하여, 전남 서남해안의 12개 지역 염전에서 채취한 12종의 천일염들에 대하여 X선 회절선을 측정하고, 이 X선 회절선 스펙트럼을 EDX 측정 결과와 JCPDS 데이터와의 비교 분석을 통하여 천일염 결정 내에 함유된 무기물들의 화합물 결정 상태를 처음으로 확인하였다. 특히 아직까지 알려져 있지 않았던 무기질 화합물 결정들이 천일염에 함유되어 있음을 밝혀냈는데, 신안 증도와 신의의 천일염에서 $Na_2S$, 신안 비금의 천일염에서 $KMgCl_3$, 신안 도초에서 $Ca(ClO_3)_2$, 해남 송지에서 $CaAl_4O_7$, 고흥에서 $CaSiO_3$, $CaCl_2$, 해남 토판 소금에서 NaKCl 등이 관측되었다. 또한 XRD 측정 결과는 천일염의 결정구조가 소금의 입방구조인 NaCl구조를 그대로 유지함을 보였으며, 격자상수도 정제염이나 시약염에 비해 거의 변화가 없는 비슷한 값을 보였다. 그러나 FE-SEM으로부터 조사한 천일염의 외형적 결정 구조는 정제염과 시약염에서 보이는 소금 NaCl의 결정구조인 정육면체의 결정 형태와는 달리 이들이 적층되어 이루어진 결정 형태의 특징을 보였다. 또한 결정 입자의 크기에 있어서도 정제염이나 시약염보다 수백 배에 이르는 특징을 보였다.