• 복식
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• 제36권
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• pp.183-203
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• 1998

The wave of Avant-garde swept away all in the unique social background so called 'October Revolution' and the early 1900 Russian society which was able to absorb and accept anything. The Russian avant-garde has been affected by the Cubism and the Futurism those had peculiarly appeared in the early twentieth century, spreaded out to three spheres: the Suprematism, the Rayonism and the Constructivism. The Russian Constructivism has appeared in this background, concretely and ideally ex-pressed the ideology of the revolution into the artistic form and made an huge influence to the whole Russian society. The Constructivist like Tatlin, naum Gabo, Pevaner, Rodchenko, Stepanova, Popova and Exter gave great effect on the Soviet Constructive fashion design in 1920's after the Revolution. The Soviet costume in 1920s hold in common the characteristicss of the Constructive graphic as it is, geometrical and abstractive form, energetic and motility. In fashion design, these graphic qualities have been showed as the application of geometrical form and architectural image, physical distortion and transformation. And in textile design, the simple, dynamical presentation has been appeared. We can classify the Soviet costume at this time into three occasions. The first term is from late 1910 th mid 1920, and it is altered from folk costume design to modern one. With Lamanova as the first on the list, using the folk mitif, the Constructive expression of simple form has been gradually revealed in design. Designers like Makarova, Pribylskaia and Mukhina produced the plane, simple chemise style with the decoration of the Russian traditional motif. From early to late 1920 is the second term, and it is at the pick of the most active processing of the Constructive design. Not only at the costume in daily life but also at the theatrical costume and textile, the con-structive design has been represented all avail-able fields. Many Constructivists including Stepanova, Popova, Exter and Rodchenko took part in the textile design and costume design so as to evlvo their aesthetic concept. The third term is from late 1920 to early 1930. The socialistic realism has dominated over the whole culture and art, the revolutionary dynamic motif has been presented also in textile design. The formative features of Soviet Constructive fashion design are; silhouette, from, motif, color and fabric. The first, the silhouette : a straight rectangular silhouetted has been expressed through the whole period and a volumed one with distorted human body shape has introduced in the theatrical costume design. The second, the form: many lengthened rectangular forms have been made at beginnings, but to the middle period, geometrical, architectural forms have been more showed and there are energy and movement in design. At the last period, only a partial feature-division has been seen. The third, the motif; no pattern or ethnic motif has been partly used at beginnings, a figure like circle, tri-angle has gradually appeared in textile design. At latter period, a real-existent motif like an airplane has been represented with graphing and simplicity. The fourth, the color ; because of insufficient dyeing, neutral color like black or grey color has been mainly covered, but after middle term, a primary color or pastel tone has been seen, contrast of the fabric; without much development of textile industry after the Revolution, thick and durable fabrics have been the main stream, but as time had going to the last period, fabrics such as linen, cotton, velvet and silk have been varously choesn. At the theatrical costume, new materials like plastics and metals that were able to accentuate the form. The pursuit of popularity, simplicity and functionalism that the basic concept of Constructive fashion is one of the "beauty" which has been searching in modern fashion. And now we can appreciate how innovative and epochal this Soviet Constructive fashion movement was.ement was.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.245-259
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• 2020

기술의 발전과 비대면 사회의 도래는 일자리 문제에 직접적인 영향을 미치게 될 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 현상에 맞추어 정부와 교육훈련기관들은 창업지원정책을 통해 일자리 문제에 대처하면서 동시에 혁신적인 기업의 탄생을 유도하고 있다. 특히 청년창업지원은 시장실패를 보완하는 효과 뿐 아니라 고성장 창업을 촉진하는 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 이러한 연구배경에 근거하여 본 연구는 청년창업가를 대상으로 창업가역량과 창업자기효능감, 그리고 창업성공과 창업만족의 영향관계에 관하여 고찰하였다. 이론적 연구를 토대로 청년창업가의 창업가역량의 주요요소와 창업성과와의 관련성을 검토한 후, 창업자기효능감을 매개변수로 설정하여 연구가설과 연구모형을 도출하였다. 청년창업가역량은 기업가역량, 기술역량, 관리역량, 창의역량의 4가지로 구분하였고 각 역량이 창업자기효능감을 매개로 창업성과에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 가설로 설정하였다. 실증연구를 위해 국내 2-30대 청년창업가를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 청년창업가의 창업가역량은 창업성공과 창업만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 창업가역량별로 차이가 있는데, 기술역량과 관리역량은 모두 완전매개로 창업자기효능감을 거쳐서 창업성공과 창업만족을 높이는 것을 확인하였다. 기업가역량은 창업성공에 대하여는 완전매개, 창업만족에 대하여는 부분매개를 나타내었다. 창의역량의 경우 창업성공에 대하여는 직접효과만 존재하였고 창업만족은 부분매개효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 세부가설 8개 중 7개는 지지되었고 1개는 기각되었다. 이상의 연구결과를 토대로 시사점 및 연구의 한계점, 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.75-99
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• 2012

Innovation can come from inside or outside organizations. Recently, organizations have begun turning to external knowledge more often, through various forms of collective intelligence (CI) as collaborative platform to solve complex problems. Several factors facilitate this CI utilization phenomenon. First, with the rapid development of Internet and social media, numerous web applications have become available to millions of the Internet users over the past few decades. Web 2.0 and social media have become innovative web applications that provide an environment for human social interaction and collaboration. Second, the diffusion of simple and easy-to-use technologies that enable users to interact and design web applications without programming skills have led to vast, previously unknown amounts of user-generated content. Finally, the Internet has enabled communities to connect and collaborate, creating a virtual world of CI. In this study, web enabled CI is defined as a composed ability of individuals who are acting as a single cognitive unit to achieve common goals, think reasonably, solve problems, make decisions, carry out complex tasks, and develop creative ideas collectively through participation and collaboration on the web. Although CI plays a critical role in organizational innovation and collaboration, the dubious quality of CI is still problem that is difficult to solve. In general, the quality level of content collected from the crowd is lower than that from professionals. Thus, it is important to identify determinants of CI quality and to analyze the relationship between CI quality and its usefulness. However, there is a lack of empirical study on the quality factors of web-enabled CI. There exist a variety of web enabled CI sites such as Threadless, iStockphoto or InnoCentive, Wikipedia, and Youtube. One of the most successful forms of web-enabled CI is the Wikipedia online encyclopedia, accessible all over the world. Another one example is Naver KnowledgeiN, a typical and popular CI site offering question and answer (Q&A) services. It is necessary to study whether or not different types of CI have a different effect on CI quality and its usefulness. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to answer to following research questions: ${\bullet}$ What determinants are important to CI quality? ${\bullet}$ What is the relationship between CI quality factors and the usefulness of web-enabled CI? ${\bullet}$ Does CI type have a moderating effect on the relationship between CI quality, its determinants, and CI usefulness? Online survey using Google Docs with email and Kakao Talk was conducted for collecting data from Wikipedia and Naver KnowledgeiN users. A totoal of 490 valid responses were collected, where users of Wikipedia were 220 while users of Naver KnowledgeiN were 270. Expertise of contributors, community size, and diversity of contributors were identified as core determinants of perceived CI quality. Perceived CI quality has significantly influenced perceived CI usefulness from a user's perspective. For improving CI quality, it is believed that organizations should ensure proper crowd size, facilitate CI contributors' diversity and attract as many expert contributors as possible. Hypotheses that CI type plays a role of moderator were partially supported. First, the relationship between expertise of contributors and perceived CI quality was different according to CI type. The expertise of contributors played a more important role in CI quality in the case of Q&A services such as Knowledge iN compared to wiki services such as Wikipedia. This implies that Q&A service requires more expertise and experiences in particular areas rather than the case of Wiki service to improve service quality. Second, the relationship between community size and perceived CI quality was different according to CI type. The community size has a greater effect on CI quality in case of Wiki service than that of Q&A service. The number of contributors in Wikipeda is important because Wiki is an encyclopedia service which is edited and revised repeatedly from many contributors while the answer given in Naver Knowledge iN can not be corrected by others. Finally, CI quality has a greater effect on its usefulness in case of Wiki service rather than Q&A service. In this paper, we suggested implications for practitioners and theorists. Organizations offering services based on collective intelligence try to improve expertise of contributeros, to increase the number of contributors, and to facilitate participation of various contributors.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.43-72
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• 2009

Recently, user-created content (UCC) have emerged as popular medium of on-line participation among users. The Internet environment has been constantly evolving, attracting active participation and information sharing among common users. This tendency is a significant deviation from the earlier Internet use as an one-way information channel through which users passively received information or contents from contents providers. Thanks to UCCs online users can now more freely generate and exchange contents; therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect content-generating activities has increasingly become an important issue. This paper proposes a set of critical factors for stimulating contents generation and sharing activities by Internet users. These factors were derived from the theories of folklores such as tales and songs. Based on some shared traits of folklores and UCC content, we found four critical elements which should be heeded in constructing UCC contents, which are: context of culture, context of situation, skill of generator, and response of audience. In addition, we selected three major UCC websites: a specialized contents portal, a general internet portal, and an official contents service site, They have different use environments, user interfaces, and service policies, To identify critical factors for generating, sharing and transferring UCC, we traced user activities, interactions and flows of content in the three UCC websites. Moreover, we conducted extensive interviews with users and operators as well as policy makers in each site. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, this research identifies nine critical factors that facilitate contents generation and sharing activities among users. In the context of culture, we suggest voluntary community norms, proactive use of copyrights, strong user relationships, and a fair monetary reward system as critical elements in facilitating the process of contents generation and sharing activities. Norms which were established by users themselves regulate user behavior and influence content format. Strong relationships of users stimulate content generation activities by enhancing collaborative content generation. Particularly, users generate contents through collaboration with others, based on their enhanced relationship and specialized skills. They send and receive contents by leaving messages on website or blogs, using instant messenger or SMS. It is an interesting and important phenomenon, because the quality of contents can be constantly improved and revised, depending on the specialized abilities of those engaged in a particular content. In this process, the reward system is an essential driving factor. Yet, monetary reward should be considered only after some fair criterion is established. In terms of the context of the situation, the quality of contents uploading system was proposed to have strong influence on the content generating activities. Among other influential factors on contents generation activities are generators' specialized skills and involvement of the users were proposed. In addition, the audience response, especially effective development of shared interests as well as feedback, was suggested to have significant influence on contents generation activities. Content generators usually reflect the shared interest of others. Shared interest is a distinct characteristic of UCC and observed in all the three websites, in which common interest is formed by the "threads" embedded with content. Through such threads of information and contents users discuss and share ideas while continuously extending and updating shared contents in the process. Evidently, UCC is a new paradigm representing the next generation of the Internet. In order to fully utilize this innovative paradigm, we need to understand how users take advantage of this medium in generating contents, and what affects their content generation activities. Based on these findings, UCC service providers should design their websites as common playground where users freely interact and share their common interests. As such this paper makes an important first step to gaining better understand about this new communication paradigm created by UCC.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

손으로 디자인하던 시대(20세기)는 지났고, 머리로 디자인하는 시대(21세기)에 이미 근접해 있다. 이것은 오늘날의 디자인은 잘 그리거나, 잘 만드는 조형 테크닉에서 벗어나 아이디어 창출은 물론 철저한 디자인 기획과 판매 촉진력을 중시하기 때문에 먼저 자신이 살고 있는 시대를 인식하지 않으면 안 된다. 디자인은 이 시대 모든 사람들에게 절실한 '혁신의 과정' 그 자체이기 때문이며, 동시에 언제나 시대와 함께 생생히 숨쉬며 거울처럼 세상을 비추어 내는 문화이기 때문이다. 또한, 디자인이 시대에 따라 변화하는 동적인 실용적인 조형미를 나타내는 것이기 때문이다. 단순한 소비사회에서 이성적인 소비사회로의 디자인의 CONCEPT이 변하고 있다. 1차적 디자인의 개념의 디자인은 모양과 외형의 장식을 중심으로 한 시각적 차별화 단계의 작품으로서, 제품을 기술적으로 완성한 후 미적 요소를 첨가하는 것이다. 이는 생산자 중심의 디자인의 개념이라고 할 수 있으며, 20세기를 지배했던 기능주의의 역사적 판정에서 공업화 제품을 사용해서 모든 인간들을 표준화시키고, 심플한 상품을 공급하는 것이었다. 2차적 개념의 디자인은 사용자의 관점에서 제품과 서비스의 차별화를 목표로 하고 있다. 디자인 생산, 마케팅 및 연구개발이 동시에 경영 과정에 참여하게되고, 제품의 특성, 성능, 규격 일치, 품질 내구성, 브랜드에 대한 신뢰성, 제품의 스타일 등이 디자인의 concept에 포함된다. 21세기의 디자인 의식은 모든 것이 가능하고, 어떤 것도 다시 똑같을 수 없고, 어떤 것도 다시 똑같기를 원치 않으며, 우리가 모든 것을 새롭게 만들기를 원하며, 과거의 모든 대상, 가치 정신구조, 일을 행하는 방식들을 제거해 버리길 원한다. 어쨌든 과거의 모든 것이 변형되기를 원한다는 신념에 근거를 두고 있는 것처럼 보인다. 3차적 디자인의 개념의 디자인이란 기업 이미지 통합 차원의 디자인을 일컬으며, 이것은 각 기업 간의 기술의 격차가 줄어들면서 제품의 심미적 특성과 서비스가 구매의 관건이 되는 시기에 요구되는 디자인의 개념으로서, 제품과 서비스를 이용하여 기업과 사용자 양쪽의 이미지를 차별화하는 단계라고 혈 수 있다. 이 단계에서의 디자인의 역할은 기업으로 하여금 훌륭한 제품을 탄생시킬 수 있는 기술, 마케팅, 디자인간의 조화를 추구하는 것뿐만이 아니라, 서비스나 유통, 이미지까지 총괄하여 디자인함으로서 기업이 사용자에게 제공할 수 있는 모든 분야로 디자인의 대상을 확대하는 것이다. 이미 현대의 소비자들은 스스로 의식을 하든 못하든 3차적 디자인의 개념에서 세상의 제품과 서비스와 이미지 등을 평가하여 구매를 결정하고 있다. 그러므로 앞으로 다가올 21세기의 디자인과 디자이너는 단순히 어떠한 제품, 상품의 concept를 구현하는 것이 아니라, 인간적 감동을 주는 의미를 만들어 내야 한다. 이 세상에서 진정한 효용을 주는 그런 concept를 제시해야 하며 그 방법론이 Design이라고 생각한다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.287-316
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• 1999

Cyberspace permits us to more beyond traditional face-to-face, mail and telephone surveys, yet still to examine basic issues regarding the quality of data collection: sampling, questionnaire design, survey distribution, means of response, and database creation. This article address each of these issues by contrasting and comparing traditional survey methods(Paper-and-Pencil) with Internet or Personal Computer networks-mediated (Screen-and-Keyboard) survey methods also introduces researchers to this revolutionary and innovative tool and outlines a variety of practical methods for using the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. The revolution in telecommunications technology has fostered the rapid growth of the Internet all over the world. The Internet is a massive global network and comprising many national and international networks of interconnected computers. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks could be the comprehensive interactive tool that will facilitate the development of the skills. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks provides a virtual frontier to expand our access to information and to increase our knowledge and understanding of public opinion, political behavior, social trends and lifestyles through survey research. Comparable to other technological advancements, the Internet or Personal Computer Networks presents opportunities that will impact significantly on the process and quality of survey research now and in the twenty-first century. There are trade-offs between traditional and the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks is an important channel for obtaining information for target participants. The cost savings in time, efforts, and material were substantial. The use of the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey tool will increase the quality of research environment. There are several limitations to the Internet or Personal Computer Network survey approach. It requires the researcher to be familiar with Internet navigation and E-mail, it is essential for this process. The use of Listserv and Newsgroup result in a biased sample of the population of corporate trainers. However, it is this group that participates in technology and is in the fore front of shaping the new organizations of interest, and therefore it consists of appropriate participants. If this survey method becomes popular and is too frequently used, potential respondents may become as annoyed with E-mail as the sometimes are with mail survey and junk mail. Being a member of the Listserv of Newsgroup may moderate that reaction. There is a need to determine efficient, effective ways for the researcher to strip identifiers from E-mail, so that respondents remain anonymous, while simultaneously blocking a respondent from responding to a particular survey instrument more than once. The optimum process would be on that is initiated by the researcher : simple, fast and inexpensive to administer and has credibility with respondents. This would protect the legitimacy of the sample and anonymity. Creating attractive Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey formats that build on the strengths of standardized structures but also capitalize on the dynamic and interactive capability of the medium. Without such innovations in survey design, it is difficult to imagine why potential survey respondents would use their time to answer questions. More must be done to create diverse and exciting ways of building an credibility between respondents and researchers on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. We believe that the future of much exciting research is based in the Electronic survey research. The ability to communicate across distance, time, and national boundaries offers great possibilities for studying the ways in which technology and technological discourse are shaped. used, and disseminated ; the many recent doctoral dissertations that treat some aspect of electronic survey research testify to the increase focus on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. Thus, scholars should begin a serious conversation about the methodological issues of conducting research In cyberspace. Of all the disciplines, Internet or Personal Computer Networks, emphasis on the relationship between technology and human communication, should take the lead in considering research in the cyberspace.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권46호
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• pp.85-106
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• 2017

2000년을 전후 디지털 미디어 시대의 전환과 함께 출판만화는 인터넷 망을 활용한 유통구조를 확립하는 등 새로운 매체로의 전환을 시도하였다. 그러나 인터넷 만화는 여전히 전통적인 병렬적 페이지 읽기구조를 벗어나진 못하였다. 반면 웹툰의 경우 인터넷브라우저의 세로 스크롤 읽기방식에 따라 칸을 분리 배분하여 연출하고, 애니메이션의 움직임과 음향효과나 배경음악과 같은 사운드를 도입하는 등 다른 매체들을 재매개하며 변화를 보여주고 있다. 이러한 변화는 현대 독자의 수용방식에도 부합한다. 현대 사회는 영상 미디어의 발달과 함께 복잡한 사회구조를 갖고 있다. 따라서 대중은 일상적으로 다양한 자극에 노출되어 분산된 지각의 특성을 보여준다. 즉, 전통적인 만화는 여타의 인쇄매체가 그러하듯 침잠과 몰입의 감상을 필요로 한다. 그러나 웹툰은 특정 컷에서 캐릭터가 움직이거나 타이틀 텍스트가 불투명도를 높이며 서서히 등장하는 것과 같은 애니메이션과 음향효과를 적용하고 있다. 이러한 애니메이션 움직임의 시간성과 사운드의 청각적 자극이 웹툰의 특성으로 출판만화와 구분된다. 먼저 웹툰의 움직임은 극적 긴장감이나 액션의 효과적인 연출을 위해 부분적으로 적용되고 있다. 기술적으로 동작 이미지를 여러 레어어로 분리하여 움직임을 주는 핸드 드로운 애니메이션의 기법을 차용하고 있다. 그리고 사운드의 사용이 있다. 각 에피소드와 관련된 가사나 멜로디의 배경음악이나 엠비언스 사운드, 또는 어떠한 움직임과 관련된 음향효과 등이다. 뿐만 아니라 스마트폰의 진동을 이용한 촉각적 자극 등으로 독자에게 새로운 유희를 제공하고 있다. 그러나 한편으로는 새로운 기법을 도입한 웹툰의 연출이 아직은 완숙기에 도달하지 못했음을 볼 수 있다. 웹툰 효과연출 소프트웨어의 조작적 정교함을 차치하고 볼 때, 애니메이션과 사운드 적용에 대한 매체적 이해가 부족한 과도기적 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 만약 사운드가 적용된 특정 프레임이 위로 스크롤되어 브라우저에 노출되는 지점부터 재생되는 경우를 보면, 독자에게 기대되는 속도보다 빠르거나 느리게 스크롤 되는 경우 전체 이미지를 보기도 전에 사운드가 끝이 나거나 또는 다음컷으로 이동하였음에도 사운드는 계속적으로 유지되는 경우다. 움직임 또한 각 컷의 움직임은 스크롤의 위치에 대비하여 시작되도록 한다. 따라서 독자의 스크롤 속도는 움직임의 속도가 되기도 한다. 따라서 타이밍이 어긋나고 부자연스러운 움직임이나 갑작스럽게 플레이되고 끊기는 등 사운드의 연출은 독자들의 몰입을 방해하는 요인이 되기도 한다. 결론적으로 이러한 문제점들에 관하여 본 연구는 연속성의 부재로, 자연스럽게 전환되는 연속적 사운드나, 예를 들어 캐릭터가 움직일 때 관절의 간단한 회전 등 개연성이 필요하고 본다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.94-131
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• 2007

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2004 and 2005 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD and flow visualization(PIV, PTV and LDV methods) technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) The research trends of the previous two yews are surveyed as groups of natural convection, forced convection, electronic cooling, heat transfer enhancement, frosting and defrosting, thermal properties, etc. New research topics introduced include natural convection heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid, supercritical cooling performance or oil miscibility of $CO_2$, enthalpy heat exchanger for heat recovery, heat transfer enhancement in a plate heat exchanger using fluid resonance. (3) The literature for the last two years($2004{\sim}2005$) is reviewed in the areas of heat pump, ice and water storage, cycle analysis and reused energy including geothermal, solar and unused energy). The research on cycle analysis and experiments for $CO_2$ was extensively carried out to replace the Ozone depleting and global warming refrigerants such as HFC and HCFC refrigerants. From the year of 2005, the Gas Engine Heat Pump(GHP) has been paid attention from the viewpoint of the gas cooling application. The heat pipe was focused on the performance improvement by the parametric analysis and the heat recovery applications. The storage systems were studied on the performance enhancement of the storage tank and cost analysis for heating and cooling applications. In the area of unused energy, the hybrid systems were extensively introduced and the life cycle cost analysis(LCCA) for the unused energy systems was also intensively carried out. (4) Recent studies of various refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and of alternative refrigerants including carbon dioxide. Efficiency of various compressors and expansion devices are also dealt with for better modeling and, in particular, performance improvement. Thermoelectric module and cooling systems are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. (5) According to the review of recent studies on ventilation systems, an appropriate ventilation systems including machenical and natural are required to satisfied the level of IAQ. Also, an recent studies on air-conditioning and absorption refrigeration systems, it has mainly focused on distribution and dehumidification of indoor air to improve the performance were carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on optimal thermal comfort, improvement of indoor air Quality and many innovative systems such as air-barrier type perimeter-less system with UFAC, radiant floor heating and cooling system and etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental condition as well as minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building control and operation strategy and energy performance analysis for economic evaluation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.22-34
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼의 입지, 공간, 조경디테일, 기념조각, 그리고 기념텍스트 등 조경의 관점에서 나타난 기념성을 분석하고, 여기에 나타난 기념문화에 대한 고찰을 하였으며, 전쟁 당사국인 베트남과 미국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼과 비교분석을 통하여 국가별 특성을 규명하였다. 연구는 베트남전쟁과 관련하여 국가보훈처에서 지정한 현충시설과 전사자 및 참전군인을 위한 국립묘지인 현충원 및 호국원 등 59개소를 대상으로 하여 현장조사, 문헌연구, 인터넷 검색을 통하여 자료를 수집하고 분석 및 고찰을 하였으며, 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공공성과 개방성이 높고, 별도의 부지매입비용이 필요하지 않은 국립묘지, 공원, 가로, 광장에 모뉴멘트를 세웠으며, 6 25전쟁 메모리얼과 함께 설치하기도 하여 국가적 차원에서 참전군인의 명예를 고양하고자 하였다. 둘째, 국립묘지에서는 홍살문${\rightarrow}$현충문${\rightarrow}$현충탑으로 이어지는 중심축을 강조하고, 주변에 노단식으로 묘역을 조성하는 전통적 방식을 따른 반면, 규모가 작은 모뉴멘트는 대칭축과 사각형을 기본적 형태로 사용하고, 사각형 기단에 기념탑을 설치하였다. 이러한 관습적인 방법 때문에 메모리얼이 획일적으로 단순해졌다. 셋째, 기념탑, 기념비, 참전부대 문장(紋章), 기념벽 등을 기본적 도입요소로 사용하였고, 표준적이며 사실적 이미지를 보이고 있다는 점에서 근대적 양식을 벗어나지 못하고 있으며, 베트남전쟁 참전기념탑 건립과 관련된 사회적 담론이 허용되지 않았고, 예술가 스스로도 베트남전쟁 메모리얼을 만드는데 있어 시대에 뒤떨어진 양식적 한계를 벗어나지 못하였다. 넷째, 참전군인을 영웅이나 전사로서 용맹성을 강조하였고, 아이구출 조각을 통한 인도주의적 이미지를 나타내는 등 사실적 근대조각이 많았으며, 세밀한 표현이 부족하다는 한계를 보여주었다. 또한, 사자, 해태, 태극 등 전통적 상징물을 이용하여 국가적 기념성을 높였다. 다섯째, 한국에서는 베트남전쟁 참전의 명분으로써 자유수호', '세계평화', '국가경제발전의 초석' 등 반공주의 및 애국주의의 이념적 가치를 내세우고, 지역 및 부대별 참전군인명을 새기어 명예를 고양하는 집단성을 표현하였다. 아쉽게도 전쟁메모리얼에서 본질적으로 추구해야하는 희생자 추모 및 전쟁 자체에 대한 해석은 소홀히 하였다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 한국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼의 기념문화적 특성을 종합해 보면, 양식적으로는 관습적이고 표준화된 전근대적 메모리얼의 만연하고 있고, 정치사회적으로 국가의 공식적 기억과 지역 및 부대의 집단성이 강조되었으며, 이념적으로는 반공주의적 애국주의가 강하게 나타났다. 향후 전쟁메모리얼에서 기본적으로 담아야 하는 전쟁, 죽음, 참전군인의 경험 등 숭고한 기념성에 대하여 재사유가 필요하고, 창의적이고 혁신적인 메모리얼을 만들고, 바람직한 기념문화를 세우기 위한 학문적 연구 및 프로젝트가 필요하다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1234-1268
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• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.