• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.499-507
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• 2018

For the spatiotemporally aligned observation of photothrombosis induction and transient variations of in vivo brain stroke, we developed a novel photothrombosis inducing system compatible to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using nonmagnetic stereotaxic equipment. From the spatial point of view, the system provides a more reliable level of reproducibility of the photothrombosis in each brain. From the temporal point of view, from T1- and T2-weighted in vivo MR (magnetic resonance) images, the transient variations such as incidence, location, and size of the thrombosis are measured quantitatively. In addition, the final variation is observed in the ex vivo brain by TTC (Triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining based on histological assay and utilized for the verification of the MR images. From the experimental result of the rat brain, the proposed system shows more reliable characteristics for transient variations of brain strokes.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.148-167
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• 2012

This paper analyzes the impact of the change in telecommunication regulation changes including the unification of telecommunication service on network investment. The unification of telecommunication service plays a role of separating behavior regulation from entrance regulation and reducing entrance constraints. Therefore, it is expected that the market spillover effect is high through the improvement of behavior regulation. In addition, the effects of the other regulation changes in the 2010 Telecommunications Business Act revision are analyzed. This paper discusses critical factors affecting the decision making process in respect to the firm level and analyzes the impact path guiding investment and innovation. The key findings are as follows. First, the impact of entrance deregulation depends on the intensity of deregulation. If the intensity is not high, this regulation increases the incentive on investment and innovation. However, if the intensity is high as shown in abolishing of licensing, it affects the incentive negatively. Second, if interconnection regulation focuses on existing facilities or the intensity is not strong, this light handed regulation might increase investment and innovation. However, if interconnection obligation is expanded to the facility not constructed or the facility applying new technology, this regulation might deteriorate investment. Third, price deregulation increases the competition of service but it also increases the business opportunity, which means positive effect on investment. Finally, the paper proposes the guideline for telecommunications policy.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.145-168
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• 2004

In industrialised countries, innovation is a key source of economic growth. Research is a key driver of technological innovation and involves the process of systematic investigation and/or experimentation to discover new knowledge. The Governments' industry innovation policy supports a business focus on Research and Development (R&D) through a range of programs in order to achieve these aims. The Innovation Statement (DISR 2000, 20010, launched by the Australian Prime Minister in January 2001, commits an additional $3 billion overfive years to encourage and support innovation. The Australian Government aims to build world competitive firms and strong research capability in industry to strengthen Australia's international competitiveness and increase national prosperity. It develops policies and programs to enhance investment in innovation. The Australian Government has established a number of R&D funding support programs aimed at increasing the level of R&D in Australia. The backbone of these programs is the tax concession program, which is made up of the 125 per cent R&D tax concession, the 175 per cent premium tax concession and the tax offset. Over 4000 businesses take advantage of the tax concession scheme, which costs the government around $400-million a year. This cost is expected to rise to over half a billion by 2005-06 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2003). Ensuring these resources are invested where they provide significant national economic benefits is a major policy issue. In this sense, this paper looks at the appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency of the R&D tax concession with costs and benefits analysis.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 1998

Innovation with strategic interaction is to overcome the technological uncertainty and to create co-evolution through competition among individuals or organizations for the acceleration of innovation. The concept of innovation in the past was concentrated on cooperation rather than on competition for the efficient management of limited resources. However, in order to minimize the technological uncertainty, we need an innovation on the basis of competition between organizations. Competition stimulates technological adaptability. It is on the analogy of complex system. This is to satisfy consumers' needs, to transform the resources into a technology, and to apply for the development of new products and new technologies. If the emergence of a new technology threatens present technology and develops into a new level of technology through inter-relation, it becomes a mutually supporting technologies. When theses effects are simultaneously realized, it is possible for firm to have strategical innovation and to create a mutually evolutionary development. Furthermore, when the competition among more than two individuals or two organizations continues towards the same direction, the mutual competition and cooperation can be expected to create a synergy effect. The competitive environment should be composed of R&D, production, and consumers' choice. This will lead to interaction among organizations through strategic competition and cooperation. Intra-firm competition and Inter-firm competition are required to exist together.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.135-159
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• 2004

In industrialised countries, innovation is a key source of economic growth. Rrsearch is a key driver of technological innovation and involves the process of systematic investigation and/or experimentation to discover new knowledge. The Governments'industry innovation policy supports a business focus on Research and Development (R&D) through a range of programs in order to achieve these aims. The Innovation Statement (DISR 2000, 20010, launched by the Australian Prime MinisterJanuary 2001, commits an additional ${\$}$3 billion over five years to encourage and support innovation. The Australian Government aims toworld competitive firms and strong research capability in industry to strengthen Australia's international competitiveness and increase national prosperity. It develops policies and programs to enhance investment in innovation. The Australian Government has established a number of R&D funding support programs aimed at increasing the level of R&D in Australia. The backbone of these programs is the tax concession program, which is made up of the 125 per cent R&D tax concession, the 175 per cent premium tax concession and the tax offset. Over 4000 businesses take advantage of the tax concession scheme, which costs the government around ${\$}$400mi11ion a year. This cost is expected to rise to over hall a billion by 2005-06 (commonwealth or Australia, 2003). Ensuring these resources are invested where they provide significant national economic benefits is a major policy issue. In this sense, this paper looks at the appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency of the R&D tax concession with costs and benefits analysis.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

Purpose - The current study aims to examine the effect of social network factors on travel agency employees' occupational outcomes such as job performance and job satisfaction through innovation behavior in a comprehensive model. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on a theory of social network, the concept of social network was assessed by three factors: a) network size, b) network range, and c) tie strength. To test the proposed hypotheses, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed based on data from 197 travel agency employees in Korea. Result - The results showed that the associational activity of network size had a positive effect on innovation behavior, while the network range of network size had a significant negative effect on innovation behavior. Subsequently, innovation behavior positively influenced on job performance and job satisfaction, respectively. Conclusions - The results offer some insights into the extended model and have important managerial implications for Korean travel agencies. More specifically, considering diverse domains of social network and organizational research, this study advances critical utility of social network factors in a high facilitating level of innovation behavior, which can help travel agency employees promote their job performance and job satisfaction.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.655-663
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• 2021

This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for determinants of spillover effects of FDI on technology innovation of Vietnamese enterprises. The research proposes a logistic regression model for assessing how enterprises' ability to implement technological innovation is affected by the presence of FDI enterprises as well as other factors that show the change through the indirect influence of FDI such as the size of the enterprise, the type of enterprise, and the skill level of the labor force or its research and development activities. Five forms of technology innovation are considered: improving production process; product quality improvement; product expansion; expanding business activities into a new field of production; and changing business activities into a new field of production. General Statistics Office of Vietnam provided survey data to collect information from 3,166 enterprises in the manufacturing and processing industry in Hanoi, which were valid for analysis. The results show that all variables of enterprise type, size, R&D, and industry have a positive impact on the selection of one of the innovation forms. Several recommendations are further suggested to take advantage of the positive effects and minimizing the negative effects of FDI for technological innovation of Vietnamese enterprises.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2021

The study explores the nexus between foreign direct investment (FDI), financial innovation, and exchange rate volatility in selected South Asian countries for 1980 to 2017. The study applies the unit root test, Autoregressive Distributed Lagged, nonlinear ARDL, and causality test following Toda-Yamamoto. Unit root tests ascertain that variables are integrated in a mixed order; few variables are stationary at a level and few after the first difference. Empirical model estimation with ARDL, Long-run cointegration revealed with the tests of FPSS, WPSS, and tBDM by rejecting the null hypothesis of "no cointegration." This finding suggests that, in the long-run financial innovation, FDI inflows, and exchange rate volatility move together. Moreover, study findings established adverse effects running from FDI inflows and financial innovation to exchange rate volatility in the long run. These findings suggest that continual FDI inflows and innovativeness in the financial system assist in lessening the volatility in the foreign exchange market. Furthermore, nonlinear ARDL confirms the presence of asymmetric cointegration in the model. The standard Wald test established asymmetric effects running from FDI inflows and financial innovation to exchange rate volatility, both in the long and short run. Directional causality unveils feedback hypothesis holds for explaining causality between FDI, financial innovation, and exchange rate volatility.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.26-37
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• 2022

This study was conducted to develop a tool to investigate and analyze the educational effect of the school space innovation project, which is being promoted on a large scale at the national level. In order to analyze the educational effect of school space innovation, it is first necessary to analyze the structure of the space altered by the school space innovation. Research and analysis should be possible, so a user survey tool was developed for this purpose. It is expected that the survey tool in this study can be used for pre-investigation in the pre-planning stage of the school space innovation project and as a post-evaluation tool for investigating and analyzing the educational effects of space innovation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.5-19
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors contributing to sustainable competitive advantage for multi-level marketing (MLM) firms in Malaysia. The selected variables in this study are company image, product innovation, leadership, distributor rewards system and distributor training system. Research design, data, and methodology - Quantitative research method is employed with collected sample size of 398 respondents using judgmental sampling technique. Normality and reliability test were performed in the first stage utilizing SPSS 22 and Confirmatory Factory Analysis (CFA) and variance analysis were obtained in the subsequent stage, following up with the overall fit of the measurement model, Structural Equation Model (SEM) using AMOS 22 with maximum likelihood estimation to assess the internal consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Results - The research findings show that company image, leadership, distributor rewards system and distributor training system were supported and are factors affecting the sustainable competitive advantage of MLM companies in Malaysia. However, in this study, product innovation was not supported but this result does not depict that it is trivial and inconsequential in maintain sustainable advantage. Conclusion - Companies can build sustainable competitive advantage by focusing on these contributing factors. Several other comments and implications were brought to light and discussed in the paper.