• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

Prasad and Mertz published head injury risk curves for skull fracture and for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ${\geq}4$ brain injury due to forehead impacts based on the 15 ms HIC criterion. KNCAP adopted the HIC36 criterion for the male dummy and the HIC15 criterion for the female dummy. In this paper, it was studied that which of the HIC15 and HIC36 was more effective for the male dummy head injury evaluation. The frontal US-NCAP data for the 7 vehicles from the NHTSA test database were used to evaluate the head injuries. In the case of using the HIC15 and evaluation range 250~700, the discrimination of the rating for the occupant head injury was increased.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2005

In this study, head injury by impact force was evaluated by numerical analysis with 3-dimensional finite element (FE) model. Brain deformation by frontal head impact was analyzed to evaluate traumatic brain injury (TBI). The variations of head acceleration and intra-cranial pressure (ICP) during the impact were analyzed. Relative displacement between the skull and the brain due to head impact was investigated from this simulation. In addition, pathological severity was evaluated according to head injury criterion (HIC) from simulation with FE model. The analytic result of brain damage was accorded with that of the cadaver test performed by Nahum et al.(1977) and many medical reports. The main emphasis of this study is that our FE model was valid to simulate the traumatic brain injury by head impact and the variation of the HIC value was evaluated according to various impact conditions using the FE model.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1345-1353
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks hip joint strengthen on muscle strength, dynamic posture control and low extremity injury criterion. Twenty athletics were divided into two groups, the exercise group was conducted for three times a week, 60 minutes, and six weeks. The dependent variables of this study were flexibility, muscular strength, dynamic posture control, and lower body injury criterion. The results of this study showed that the flexibility was not significant, but muscle strength was significant difference. The dynamic posture control was significantly effective in the left posterolateral and posteromedial. In addition, total score was significantly exercise effect, and there was no difference between left and right leg length. In conclusion, hip joint strengthen increased muscle strength and dynamic posture control, and decreased the concern of low extremity injury criterion.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.489-503
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to test criterion-related validity of the Critical Patients' Severity Classification System (CPSCS) developed by the Hospital Nurses' Association by examining relationships with brain injury severity measured by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), recovery state measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and days of stay in ICU of brain injury patients. Methods: Prospective correlational research design was adopted by including 194 brain injury patients admitted to ICU of one university hospital. Results: The score of CPSCS appeared to significantly discriminate the severity of brain injury. Among nursing activities in CPSCS, Respiratory therapy, IV Infusion and Medication, Monitoring, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Treatment and Procedure were significant to discriminate the severity of brain injury. Respiratory therapy, Vital Signs, and Monitoring appeared to significantly discriminate the recovery states of 1- and 3-months. Nursing activities significantly contributed to predict the days of ICU stay were Respiratory therapy, ADL, and Teaching and Emotional Support. Conclusion: CPSCS developed by the Hospital Nurses Association appeared to be valid to discriminate or predict brain injury severity, recovery states, and days of stay in ICU for brain injury patients.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.851-859
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of plyometric training on Sargent jumps, posture control, and lower extremity injury criterion in Taekwondo demonstrator. Twenty healthy collegiate Taekwoondo demontrators were randomly assigned to either an exercise group (Ex = 10), and a control group (Con = 10), Con maintained their normal Taekwoondo demontration training schedule. Whereas Ex group completed the plyometric program in three times a week, 60 minute for 6 weeks. Testing before and after training include the Sargent jump, back muscle strength, Y-balance and lower extremity injury criterion. There are no significant increase in back muscle strength, but significant increase in Sargent jump. In postural control, the anterior was not significant, but there was a significant increase in the left and right posterolateral, posteromedial and the total score showed that there was no risk of injuries. In conclusion, plyometric training is a training method that needs to be actively utilized for power, dynamic posture control, lower extremity injury prevention, and rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

In this study, to analyze the impulsive response of a helmet, a simple vibration model is presented. Based upon the experimental data and the simulation results, an equivalent one degree of freedom vibrational system is adapted, and transient impulsive responses are analysed to investigate the influence of engineering parameters such as damping, natural frequency, and impact velocity on the impulsive response of the helmet. Maximum gravitational acceleration reduces as the damping factor value increases. When the damping factor value is around 0.6 or larger, the maximum acceleration does not change. With respect to the natural frequency and the impact velocity, it increases linearly. The relationship between head injury criterion(HIC) and maximum gravitational acceleration is also presented. The scheme of this study is expected to be utilized to economize the design process of high quality helmets.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.208-215
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• 1999

Using the orthogonal arrays and the occupant analysis software based on the multi-body dynamics , two interactive design algorithms are proposed to improve the initial design of the occupant protection systems. Algorithm 1 sequentially moves the narrow design space within the upper and the lower design limit. Algorithm 2 sequentially reduces the relatively wide design space. Each design algorithm is composed of two levels . The first level is to improve the characteristics of the crash performance considering the noise factors. In order to obtain the robust design, the second level reduces the variations the noise factors. In order to obtain the robust design, the second level reduces the variations due to the tolerance of the design variable. To utilize the algorithm 1, HIC(Head Injury Criterion) , 3 msec criterion value of the chest acceleration and the femur load decreased by 27.4%, 10.4% and 55.8%, respectively. To utilizer the algorithm 2 , the results decreased by 38.0%, 10.5% and 3.0% , respectively.

• 연구논문집
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• s.24
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• pp.97-106
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• 1994

Steering system is typically one of the vehicle parts that may injure an unrestrained driver in a frontal collision. Therefore, the engineers of vehicle safety parts researched the allowable injury criteria such as HIC(head injury criterion). chest acceleration and knee impact force. From their research, they recognized that development of energy absorbing steering system was necessary to protect the driver. Energy absorbing parts of steering system consist of shear capsule, ball sleeve and shaft assembly. We performed the modelling and dynamic analysis of the energy absorbing steering column with the unrestrained driver model. The conclusions of this study are as follows. 1) The variation of column angle has an important effects on the dynamic responses of steering system and driver behavior. 2) The energy absorbing steering system satisfies the safety criterion of FMVSS 203, 208, but not the safety criterion of FMVSS 204.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2001

NHTSA has been conducting biomechanical studies to reduce inujuries sustained sustained during automotive collision. Furthermore, NHTSA added the regulation to the FMVSS 201, limiting the equivalent HIC(Head Injury Criterion) value under 1000. In the presont work, a methodology was developed for the optimum design of the A-pillar trim with rib-structures. The design variables for the rib-strucrures were the transverse spacing, the longitudinal spacing, and the thickness. The required sets of the design varibles were decided based on the design of experiments. The head impact simulations were carried out using the LS-DYNA3D, and the HIC(d) values were computed using the resulrs of the head impact simulation. The objective function was constructed using the response surface methed (RSM). When the obtained optimum values were not inside the region of interest, the design proceduers were repeated by changing the region of interest. Finally, an A-pillar trim with rib-structures, which resulred in HIC(d) value under 850 for 15 mph head-trim impact, was developed.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-53
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• 2015

Objectives : In order to find how reference books of Yi Xue Ru Men reflect the classification and criterion for low back pain(LBP). Methods : From reference books of Yi Xue Ru Men, select the texts on classification and criterion for LBP. Results : According to the causes of LBP, Chao Yuan Fang(巢元方) in Sui Dynasty assorted to 5 types of LBP at the very first. Chen Wu Ze(陳無擇) in Song Dynasty made 7 divisions by external, internal, and non-external, non-internal causes. According to the pulse of LBP, Yan Yong He(嚴用和) first categorized 4 groups, Zhu Zhen Heng(朱震亨) added another 4 groups. Aside from this standard, Zhu(朱震亨) adopted the cause standard. Depending on Yunqi(運氣), Lou Ying(樓英) classified 5 types. But his classification had been not adopted by any TCM books. According to symptom of 6 varieties(六變), Zhang Jie Bin(張介賓) assorted external(表), internal(裏), deficiency(虛), sufficiency(實), cold(寒) and heat(熱), add 2 groups besides them. But his categorization did not reflect Yi Xue Ru Men. Li Chan(李梴), the author of this book chose causes and pulse classification standards that Zhu Zhen Heng had adopt. Conclusions : In the side of classification and criterion for LBP, Li Chan first divided 2 group, external and internal injury. After it he subdivided both groups to 10 subgroup. His classification is similar to Chen(陳無擇)'s, but actually followed the classification for external and internal injury that was invented by Li Dong Yuan(李東垣).