• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.980-987
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• 2003

삼백초 및 포공령, 흑두, 금은화, 결명자, 감초 추출은 혼합물(Oriental herb extracts mixture, OHEM) 의 해독효과를 확인하고자 nicotine 및 dioxin에 대한 급성독성시험을 하였다. 치사량(42mg/kg)의 nicotine을 ICR mouse에 복강주사 하였을 때 OHEM 투여군은 대조군에 비해 마비 개시시간이 2배 이상 지연되었으며, 발작 지속 시간은 1/2로 감소하였고 생존율은 73%로 나타나 해독효과가 강한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 인체를 대상으로 nicotine분해 물질인 뇨중 cotinine배설량을 측정한 결과 OHEM의 섭취가 혈 중 nicotine 분해를 촉진시켜 초기 뇨 중 cotinine 배설량을 1.5배까지 증가시킨 후 뇨중 continine 함량을 OHEM 섭취전의 5% 이하로 감소시켰다. TCDD로 급성특성을 유도한 rat 혈액의 임상 화학적 지수에 hemoglobin의 경우 OHEM의 섭취가 TCDD 투여에 따른 감소를 완화시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 혈소판의 경우 TCDD에 의한 감소를 OHEM 투여가 정상수준으로 회복시켰다(p<0.05) Neutrophil seg(%) 및 monocyte(%)은 TCDD 투여로 감소하였으나 OHEM의 투여로 정상수준으로 회복되었다, 알부민 함량은 TCDD 투여에 의해 감소(p<0.05) 하였으나, OHEM투여로 정상 수치로 회복하였으며 또한, GOT 및 GPT활성 역시 TCDD 투여로 증가하였으나. OHEM 투여로 활성을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다. 총콜레스테롤 및 혈중 중성지질 함량은 TCDD 투여군 모두 유의적으로 증가 하였으며, OHEM의 투여가 TCDD에 의한 총 콜레스테롤 및 중성지질 수준을 유의차 있게 회복시켰다(p<0.05). 신장 기능에 관련된 creatinine은 OHEM 투여에 의해 TCDD에 의한 증가를 억제하였으며 철 함량은 TCDD 투여로 유의차 있게 감소하였으나 OHEM 투여로 정상 수준으로 회복되었다 TCDD 투여는 혈액과 췌장에 대한 독성작용이 간, 신장 및 심장에 대만 작용에 비해 훨씬 강하게 나타났으며, OHEM에 의한 독성 경감작용은 간 및 췌장에서 효과적으로 나타났다. OHEM의 투여가 TCDD에 의한 임상 지수의 변화를 정상수지에 가깝게 회복 시키는 것으로 나타나 체내대사 및 기능장애를 일부 회복시키는 물질임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.486-490
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• 2015

이차원 초음파는 심장 기능의 평가에 있어 널리 이용되어지고 있다. 심혈관계 질환의 진단을 위해서는 좌심실 내강의 영상화가 필수적이다. SonoVue$^{TM}$는 육불화황 가스로 안정화된 새로 나온 조영제이다. 현재 이 초음파 조영제를 이용하여 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있으나, 개에서 진단을 위한 가장 효율적인 용량에 대한 연구가 없었다. 이 연구의 목적은 SonoVue$^{TM}$ 조영제를 이용하여 좌심실 내강의 영상화에 있어 효율적인 용량을 찾는데 있다. 열 마리의 건강한 비글 성견을 실험에 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 조영제의 용량을 각 0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg 그리고 0.1 ml/kg 으로 사용하여 각 용량에서의 좌심실 내강의 영상화 되는 시간을 비교하였다. 내강이 영상화되는 시간의 측정은 segmental score를 이용하였다. Segmental score법은 좌심실 내강을 6개의 가상의 구역으로 나누고 각 구역이 영상화되는 것을 수치화 하는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 유의성이 있다고 할 수있는 segmental score가 5이상일 때의 시간을 측정하였다. 그리고 재연성의 평가를 위해 3명의 관찰자가 실험에 동참하였다. 측정치의 통계분석은 SPSS 14.0버전에서 일원배치 분산분석과 Scheffe 다중 비교를 이용하였다. 각 용량에서(0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg, 0.1 ml/kg) 좌심실이 영상화 되는 평균 시간은 3.54초, 6.15초, 24.39초로 나타났다. 표준편차는 각 용량별 2.14124, 2.61205, 11.09802로 나타났다. 실험에 참여한 모든 동물에서 과민 반응, 심마진, 혈관 부종 등의 부작용이 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 소노뷰 조영제를 이용하여 좌심실 내강의 영상화시 가장 효율적인 조영제의 용량은 단위체중당 0.1 ml/kg이며, 이 용량에서 재연성 역시 가장 높았다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.33-54
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• 1981

The purposes of this study were to determine the relevant nursing needs of patients following discharge; to identify the degree of their nursing needs; to identify types and status of discharge order and information given to patients; and to determine their specific nursing needs according to their diagnosis. In addition, opinions toward home care services provided by hospitals or by public health nurses and appointment plans with their physicians were also asked in order to determine the necessity of follow-up care for the patient after discharge. Nine hundred and eighty eight subjects were collected among patients being discharged from one national university hospital and four city hospitals. Data were collected from June,1979 to December,1979 using questionnaires and interviews. On the bases of these data the following findings were observed; 1) Almost 40 percents of total subjects discharged from the hospital with some or great degree of nursing needs in general. The most problematic nursing needs were needs for comfort which include needs for releaving pain, for sound sleep and rest, because these needs can only be met by professional help. More than 50% of total subjects have this problem. 2) Needs for mental health, general metabolism, general hygiene and activities and safety were observed in more than 20 percent of subjects. 3) Discharge orders on diet and oral medication were recorded in patients' charts in 70% of all cases. However, more than fifty percents of patients have not been told these information from doctors or nurses. Even though some of them might have had appointment plans with their physicians, they would not keep the appointments unless they completely understood the necessity of the follow-up care. If they have not had any appointment or would not visit the out-patient clinic, there is no method of caring them and prerenting funther discomfort or complications. Even in injection, ski care, dressing and bath, only one thirds of the subjects having recorded discharge orders understood what they need after discharge. The rest of cases have not known what to do for their further care. 4) More than 80 percents and 70 percents of total subjects agreed to a system of home care services provided by hospitals or public health nurses respectively. That is, regardless of sources of medical expenses, most of patients wanted to be taken care of at home following discharge. 5) While more than half of the patients having benefit of medical insurance or paying fully by themselves had appointment plans with their physicians, only one thirds of the patients fully or partially paid by government had appointment plans with their physicians. These results ex-plain that the appointment plan is directly associated with their economic power. This indicates that the home care services are more needed to the people with lower economical status. 6) Those who have been in the hospital more than 24 days wanted !o have home care services more than those who had less hospital days. They also had more appointment plans than other groups. 7) More than 70 percents of the subjects who had been in a university hospital and approximately 30 percents of the subjects in the city hospitals had appointment plans with their physicians. 8) Those who had the cerebrovascular disease, cancer or hypertension demanded more nursing needs such as needs for comfort, for general metabolism and for mental health. 9) Factors which were associated with the degree of patients' nursing needs were age, duration of hospitalization, opinion toward home care services given by public health nurses, hospital appointments and types of hospital. That is, the older they were and the longer the periods of hospitalization were, the higher were their nursing needs. The more they had nursing needs, the more they wanted to have nursing services and had appointment plans. It can be concluded that there is a great demand for a positive and systematic home care services to the people who have been discharged from hospitals following critical care. This program is definitely demanded for the low income groups of people with less education with the financial assistance of the government or other funding agencies.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.824-831
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• 2009

목 적 : HIE의 치료법으로 줄기 세포가 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. mMSC가 성인 동물 모델에서의 뇌졸중 및 퇴행성 뇌질환에 유의한 기능 회복을 보인다는 보고가 많이 있으나 미성숙 동물 모델에서의 연구 보고는 거의 없는 상태이다. 이에 HIE가 유발된 미성숙뇌에 mMSC를 투여하여 기능 회복에 대한 효과를 평가하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 생후 7일된 수컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐를 sham 대조군, 뇌 손상 대조군, 고용량 mMSC 이식군 및 저용량 mMSC 이식군으로 나누었으며 저산소 허혈 뇌 손상 유도 2주 후에 mMSC를 병변부 국소 이식을 시행하였다. 세포 이식 2, 4, 6 및 8주째에 개방장 시험을 시행하여 운동 기능 회복 정도를 평가하였고, 이후 1주일 동안 Morris 수중 미로 시험을 3개 부문으로 시행하여 학습 및 기억력 회복 정도를 평가하였다. 결 과 : 개방장 시험 결과 네 군간에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(F=0.412, P=0.745). 공간 획득 검사에서 네 군간 평균 탈출 시간에 서로 차이가 있었고(F=380.319, P<0.01), 고용량 mMSC 이식군 및 sham 대조군은 뇌 손상 대조군에 비해 검사 2일째부터 5일째까지 각각 평균 탈출 시간이 감소하였으며(P<0.05), 시간이 갈수록 더 유의하게 차이를 보였다(F=16.034, P<0.01). 참조 기억 검사에서는 네 군간 차이는 없었으며 시각 검사에서는 다섯번째 시행 검사에서만 고용량 mMSC 이식군과 뇌 손상 대조군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 일부 검사에서만 고용량 mMSC 이식의 효과가 뚜렷하였고 그 외의 검사에는 통계적으로 유의한 결과는 보이지는 않았으나 산술적인 호전을 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 최적의 효과를 보이는 줄기 세포의 농도와 이식 시기를 결정하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 보이며 HIE에서 mMSC가 대안적인 치료 수단으로 이용될 수 있다고 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1990

The extrafetal transfer of $Li^{+}$ in amniotic fluid was studied in 45 pregnant rabbits. LiCl solution was administered either intravenously to mother or directly into the amniotic sac and monitored the appearance and disappearance of $Li^{+}$ in the amniotic fluid, then calculated the transfer rate of $Li^{+}$ of extrafetal origin. To study the transplacental $Li^{+}$ transfer, a solution of 150 mM LiCl was infused continuously via maternal vein (initial dose: 0.7 mmol/kg, maintaining dose: 0.03 mmol/kg/min) and the $Li^{+}$ concentration was measured in maternal blood and amniotic fluid after 60 and 120 minutes of infusion. Change in the volume of aminotic fluid was determined by Congo red dilution method at the same time. Effects of duration of gestation was not considered in this study. Extrafetal transport of $Li^{+}$ into the amniotic fluid was estimated by comparing the $Li^{+}$ concentration and volume of amniotic fluid determined before and after ligating the placental vessels. Extrafetal $Li^{+}$ transport from the amniotic fluid was determined by observing the time dependent disappearance of $Li^{+}$ and Congo red in amniotic fluid after injecting 0.5 ml solution of 15 mM or 90 mM LiCl and 50 mg/ml Congo red. Following are the results obtained: 1) During infusion of LiCl through maternal vein the ratio of the aminotic $Li^{+}$/maternal plasma $Li^{+}$ increased significantly along with the increment of fetal weight. 2) The volume of amniotic fluid of larger fetuses than 20.5 gm increased significantly during administration of LiCl while that of smaller fetuses did not change. 3) After umbilical cord ligation the $Li^{+}$ concentration of amniotic fluid of larger fetuses than 20.5 gm was decreased to $59.9{\pm}10.3%$ and $56.9{\pm}42.9%$ $(mean{\pm}S.D.)$ of those of control group after 60 and 120 minutes of LiCl infusion respectively. In amniotic fluid of smaller fetuses than 20.5 gm, there was no significant difference between control and ligation groups. 4) The disappearance rate of Congo red in the amniotic fluid was $45.2{\pm}8.2%/hr$. 5) The disappearance rate of $Li^{+}$ after intraamniotic injection of LiCl depended on the amount injected. On injecting $7.5\;{\mu}mol$ LiCl, $Li^{+}$ disappeared rapidly from the amniotic fluid and the rates after 60 min and 90 min were $97.0{\pm}2.8,\;98.5{\pm}2.0%$ respectively. On injecting $45\;{\mu}mol$ LiCl, the rates were $56.0{\pm}15.4,\;78.9{\pm}14.5%$ at 60 and 90 min. 6) From the above results it was concluded: a) $Li^{+}$ transfer into the amniotic fluid increased along with the fetal growth and one half of $Li^{+}$ influx is through the extrafetal route even after the maturation of fetal kidney. b) One half of the $Li^{+}$ transfer from the amniotic fluid was through swallowing of fetus, while the remaining half was transfered rapidly through amniotic membrane, which was concentration limited.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.59-76
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents and satisfaction level of the patients received home care service, and to compare the differences of the contents by the characteristics of the patients. Seventy eight patients received home care service from 1st Jan. to 30th Sept., 1996 were data-collected to analyze the contents and outcomes of home care service. Sixty-nine patients currently receiving home care service were participated to evaluate the satisfaction level of home care service. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA by SPSS $PC^+$ program. The findings of this study were as follow : 1. The contents & outcomes of home care service 1) The mean age of the subjects was 64.4 years: 58% of them were female. Those who living in Seoul were 83% and the rest of the subjects was living in Kyung-Gi. 2) The subjects who had one diagnosis were 41%. Over 60% of them had the disease of neurologic & sensory system. 3) The mean number of visit was 6. Only one visit was 22%. The mean time of care was 79 minutes. Duration of visit from 31 minutes to 60 minutes were 47 %. The subjects who terminated the visit because of death were 67.3%. 62% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 4) The pain after the service was more relieved than before. The amounts of intake, the degree of bed sore, edema & fracture after the service were more improved than before. Health status after the service was improved in general. 5) There were significant differences between initial and last conscious level in tracheostomy care & oxygen inhalation care. There was significant difference between initial and last degree of activity in blood sugar check. 6) There were significant differences on the number of visit in assessment of the status, evaluation & observation, vital sign check, skin care, injection, medication, bed sore care, colostomy care, relaxation therapy for pain relief, patient education, family care, exercise therapy, position change, supply of disinfected equipments and infection control. There were significant differences on visiting time in nasogastric tube care, drainage tube care and oxygen inhalation care. 2. The satisfaction level of home care service 1) 50% were male. Over 60 years of the subjects was 61 %. Those who living in Seoul were 82%. 2) The subjects who had one or two diagnosis were 32% respectively. 55% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 3) Total level of satisfaction of home care service was very high. 4) The older the age, the higher the satisfaction level. The larger the number of visit, the higher the satisfaction level. 5) The subjects who were in cloudy state were higher level of satisfaction than in alert or coma state. The subjects whose activity were normal or who needed assistance were higher level of satisfaction than bedridden or immobilized subjects. These findings suggested that the patients had substantial need for posthospital care. They tended to be elderly and to have experienced the wide range of health problems associated with aging, chronicity, including limitations in activities, and other serious health problems. So, the nationwide home care systems beyond the limit of demonstration program by local association and the development of the effective financial system of home based health care are necessary for the clients who are in need of home care.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.660-664
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• 2007

서 론 : 유로키나제는 폐렴을 동반한 흉수 환아에서 흉관삽입술로도 배액이 어려운 경우 흉막강내로 주입함으로서 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있는 약제로 알려져있으나 소아를 대상으로 하여 유로키나제 사용에 대한 연구는 적고 아직 그 안정성과 효용성에 대한 보고도 미미한 실정이며, 국내에서 소아를 대상으로 한 보고는 거의 없는 실정이다. 방 법 : 2002년부터 2006년 7월까지 흉수 치료로 폐쇄식 흉관 삽입술을 시행하고 흉부 초음파 및 CT상 격막형성이 관찰된 29명의 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 폐쇄식 흉관 삽입술 시행하고 유로키나제 사용한 군(A군, 14명)과 유로키나제를 사용하지 않은 대조군(B군, 15명)을 후향적으로 조사하여 Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's exact test를 이용하여 비교하였다. 결 과 : 총 29명 중 A군과 B 군의 성별, 연령에 있어서의 차이는 없었다. 폐쇄식 흉관 삽입 기간동안의 총 흉수 배액량은 두군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고(P=0.776), 흉관 삽관 후 첫째날의 배액량은 통계적인 유의한 차이는 없었으나 둘째날과 셋째날은 통계적으로 의의있게 A군에서 배액량이 많았다(Day 1; P=0.371, Day 2: P=0.049, Day 3: P=0.048, respectively). 발열 일수, 항생제 사용 일수, 총 흉관 삽관 기간, 총 입원일수는 양군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 치료 종결 후 늑막 비후를 보인 경우, 내과적 치료 실패하여 수술이 필요했던 경우, 흉관의 위치 조정이나 흉관의 재삽입이 필요했던 경우는 A 군에서 1명, B군에서는 8명으로 A 군에서 통계적으로 의의있게 합병증의 빈도가 낮았다(P=0.014). 결 론 : 유로키나제의 사용으로 초기 효율적인 흉수의 배액이 가능하였고 흉막의 비후, 수술적 치료가 필요한 경우 흉관의 재삽입 또는 위치조정이 필요한 경우 등의 빈도가 더 낮아 유로키나제가 격막 형성된 폐렴성 흉수 환아의 치료에 안전하고 유용한 방법이었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.177-186
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• 1989

병원성이 강한 Naegleria fowleri ITMAP 359, 병원성이 약한 Naegleria jadini 0400, 비병원성인 Naegleria gruberi EGB를 ICR마우스에 각각 감염시켰을 때 세포매개 성 면역반응의 차이를 관찰하고 이들 아메바를 감염시킨 후 경과된 감염 시간에 따른 세포매개 성 면역반응과 혈청내 항체가의 변동을 관찰하였다. N. fowleri를 감염시킨 마우스의 사망률은 75.7%, N. jadini를 감염시킨 실험군에서는 6.2%, N. gruberi 감염에 의한 마우스의 사망은 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 지연형 과민반응은 N. fowleri, 감염시에 감염 초부터 대조군에 비해 반응이 증가하였으나 7일 후에는 감소하였다. N. jadini 감염 시에도 감염 후 1일째부터 과민반응이 증가하였으며 감염기간이 지나갈수록 점차 감소하였다. 또 N. gruberi 감염시에는 대조군과 비교할 때 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 7림프구의 아세포화 정도는 N. fowleri 감염시 감염 10일 후 증가하였으나 대조군에 비해 유의한 차이는 없었다. N. jadini에 감염된 경우는 대조군과 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었고, N. gruberi 감염시에는 감염 후 감소하는 경향이 있었다. B림프구의 아세포화 정도는 N. fowleri 감염군, N. gadini 감염군 및 N. gruberi 감염군에서 대조군과 차이가 없었다. N. fowleri에 감염된 마우스의 혈청내 항체가는 감염 7일 후부터 증가하였고, N. jadini 감염시에는 14일 후 증가하였으며, N, gruberi게 감염된 마우스의 항체가는 대조군과 차이가 없었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 1997

기저와 부하 뇌관류 SPECT를 순차적으로 촬영하여 2차영상에서 1차영상을 감산하여 부하 영상을 얻으면 신호가 줄어들고 잡음은 더해지므로 영상의 질이 나빠졌다. 촬영시간과 주사량에 대해 비례적인 계수와 촬영행위와 상관있는 배후방사능을 고려하여 기저영상과 감산영상의 신호 잡음 비가 최대가 되도록 하는 주사량과 촬영시간의 짝을 찾았다. 순차 촬영 시간을 30분으로 하고 주사총량이 1850MBq(50mCi)이며 아세타졸아미드의 부하에 의해 뇌의 주사량대비 섭취가 1.2배일 때 기저영상과 감산영상의 신호 잡음 비가 최대인 조건은 1차 주사량/촬영시간이 15mCi/17분, 2차 주사량/촬영시간이 35mCi/13분이었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.22-44
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• 1994

Clinical observations were done on 67 cases with Diabetes Mellitus in CVA patients who were confirmed by CT scan and observed for over 1 week, admitted to the Dept. of Internal Medicine in Oriental Medical Hospital of Dongguk University from January 1992 to December 1993. The results were as follows; 1. 86 patients (15.3%) with Diabetes Mellitus were found in 561 CVA patients, the 6th decade of age was 40.2%, the ratio of male to female was 0.72:1. 2. The local distribution of CVA was similar to common CVA, and occlusive CVD was 83.6%, cerebral hemorrhage was 16.4% in this study. 3. The association between blood glucose and years were not significant. The largest ratio of fasting blood glucose were 140-199 mg/dl (44.6%) in admission, below 139 mg/dl (51.8%) in discharge in case of occlusive CVD. In cerebral hemorrhage, that were 140-199 mg/dl(45.5%) in dmission, below 139 mg/dl (45.5%) in discharge. The largest ratio of pp2hrs blood glucose were 200-299mg/dl in admission and discharge both occlusive CVD and cerebral hemorrhage. 4. The total sensitivity of urine glucose was 71.6%, and sensitivity of urine glucose in cerebral hemorrhage (81.8%) was more higher than that of occlusive CVD (69.6%). 5. Below 4 years had the highest prevalence(44.8%) in duration of diabetes mellitus. Patients usually used oral hypoglycemic agents(41.8%), insulin injection(23.9%) treatment and non-therapeutic was 17.9% in this study. 6. Predisposing factors and symptoms in admissin were similar to common CVA. The conscious disturbance on attacck was 41.1% in occlusive CVD, and that was 63.7% in cerebral hemorrhage. 7. The most common ratio of the season's attack was spring (44.8%), 8. The frequency of post history was as follows, hypertension (44.8%), heart disease (10.4%), and they were in below 199 mg/dl (83.3%) of fasting blood glucose. 9. The family history of CVA was 46.3%, and they was higher than nondiabetic patients. 10. The recurrence rate of CVA was 28.4%, and that of occlusive CVD(28.6%) was higer than cerebral hemorrhage's (18.2%). 11. The smoker was 52.2%, the drinker was 38.9%. 12. The complications was occured in 10 cases (14.9%) after admission, and they frequently occured than common CVA. 13. In admission, the ratio of systolic blood pressure in over l60mmHg was 42.9%, that of diastolic blood pressure in over l00mmHg was 12.5% in occlusive CVD. In cerebral hemorrhage, the ratio of systolic blood pressure in over l60mmHg was 54.5%, that of diastolic blood pressure in over l00mmHg was 27.3%. 14. The average beginned time of physical theraphy was, generally lated, 8.3 days in occlusive CVD, 11.2 days in cerebral hemorrhage. Average admitted period was longer than common CVA, and was 29.2 days in occlusive CVD, 11.2 days in cerebral hemorrhage. 15. The degree of recovery were 82.1% in occlusive CVD, 72.7% in cerebral hemorrhage. 16. The herb medications were various Sunghyanggeonggisans, Sopungtang, Ganghwalyupungtang, Yanggyuksan etc. were used most frequently, and Yukmijihwangtang, Gamidaebotang, Mangeumtang etc. were used as discharge.