• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.77-85
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• 2008

Grazing rates (GR) and pseudofaeces production (PFP) of native snail, Chinese mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve) on natural colonial morphs of Microcystis aeruginosa was measured. C. chinensis was collected from the upstream of the Geum River (Boryeong, Korea), where they co-habituated with Unio douglasiae and Lanceolaria acrorhyncha. The experiments were performed to evaluate the GR and PFP at different conditions such as; incubation time (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 hr), body size (3 to 6.1 cm, n=28), snail density (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 ind. $L^{-1}$) and prey concentration (168.3, 336.7, 505.0 and $673.0{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$). All experiments were triplicated, and conducted in transparent acrylic vessel (3L in volume). Regarding feeding time, a highest GR (0.538L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP $(7.18mgAFDW^{-1})$ appeared at 1hr and 7hr after snail stocking, respectively. Interestingly, the snail, smaller than 4.5cm in body size, showed a wide range of GR ($-4.173{\sim}1.087L\;gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) for the initial period (1 and 4hrs of stocking), compared to those greater than 4.5cm, which showed a stable FR, higher than 0.5L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$. Upon density effect, the density of 1.5 ind. $L^{-1}$ induced the most effective inhibition on Microcystis biomass with highest PFP. On the prey concentration, highest GR (0.897L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP (3.67 mg $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) were induced at the level of $168.3{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$ and $673{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$, respectively. GR and PFP of this freshwater snail on the cyanobacterial bloom (M. aeruginosa) varied with the feeding conditions, and they were comparatively high for a short period of time less than 7hrs regardless of the stocking condition. Our results suggest that this freshwater snail has a potential to control cyanobacterial bloom when provided with suitable condition.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.50-60
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• 2008

We performed the experiment to evaluate the effect of different DO concentrations (0.5, 4.5 and 9.0 $mgO_2L^{-1}$) and water depths (20, 50 and 80 cm) on the filtering rate, mortality, and pseudifeces production of Unio douglasiae against the cyanobacterial bloom (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa). A solitary-living bivalve U. douglasiae was collected in the upstream region of the North Han River (Korea). The harvested mussels were carefully transferred to the laboratory artificial management system, which was controlled temperature $(18{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$, flow rate (10L $h^{-1}$), food $(Chlorella^{TM})$, sediment (pebble and clay), light intensity (ca. $20{\mu}mol$ photons), and photocycle (12 L : 12 D). In the field observation, the mussel mortality was significantly correlated with water temperature, pH and DO concentration (P<0.05). The mortality was decreased with water depth; 65, 90, 80% of mortality at 20, 50, 80 cm water-depth, respectively. Filtering rate (FR) showed the highest value at 50 cm water depth, and thereby the concentration of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ decreased continuously by 94% of the control at the end of the experiment. In contrast, FR decreased by 34% of the initial concentration at 20 cm water depth. Over the given water-depth range, the mussel FR ranged from $0.15{\sim}0.20L\;gAFDW^{-1}hr^{-1}$ during the 18hrs of experiment, and thereafter, they appeared to be approximately 0.11, 0.26 and 0.30 L $gAFDW^{-1}hr^{-1}$ at 20, 50 and 80cm water depth, respectively. FR was highest with the value of 0.46L $gAFDW^{-1}hr^{-1}\;at\;0.5mgO_2 L^{-1}$ at the early stage of the experiment, while it increased with DO concentration. Maximum pseudofaeces production was 11.2 mg $gAFDW^{-1}hr^{-1}\;at\;9.0mgO_2L^{-1}$. Our results conclude that U. douglasiae has a potential to enhance water quality in eutrophic lake by removing dominant cyanobacteria, but their effects vary with environmental parameters and the water depth at which they are located.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is considered a keystone of medical treatment of chronic diseases. However, only few studies have evaluated medical and economical outcome of MNT. The study was performed on the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus to evaluate the effect of clinical and cost-effective outcomes of MNT. Subjects from two general hospitals were randomly assigned to two different groups; One receiving basic nutritional education (BE) (n = 35), and the other receiving intensive nutritional education (IE) (n = 32) for a 6-month clinical trial. The group which received BE had a single visit with a dietitian, while the other group which received IE had an initial visit with a dietitian addition to two visits during the first 4 weeks of the study periods. Anthropometric parameters, blood components, and dietary intake were measures at the beginning of study period and after 6 month. Cost-effective analysis included direct labor costs, educational materials and medication cost difference during 6 months. After 6 month, subjects from IE group showed significant reduction of body weight (p <0.05) and systolic blood pressure (p <0.05), whereas BE group did not show any significant changes. Result from biochemical indices showed glycated hemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced by 0.7% (p <0.05) only in the IE group. The ratio of energy intake to prescribed energy intake decreased significantly in both groups (p <0.05). Mean time taken for a dietitian to educate the subject was 67.9 ${\pm}$ 9.3 min/person for BE group, while 96.4 ${\pm}$ 12.2 min/person for IE group. Mean number of educational materials was 1.9 ${\pm}$ 0.7/person for BE group and 2.5 ${\pm}$ 0.7/person for IE group. Change in glycated hemoglobin level along the 6 month period of study can be achieved with an investment of \88,510/% by implementing BE and \53,691/% by implementing IE. Considering the net cost-effect of blood glucose control and HbA Ic, IE which provides MNT by dietitian had a cost efficiency advantage than that of BE. According to this study, MNT provided by dietitian had a significant improvements in medical and clinical outcomes compared to that of BE intervention. Therefore, MNT protocol should be performed by systemic intensive nutrition care by dietitian in clinical setting to achieve good therapeutic results of DM with lower cost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of enzyme complex on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and feed cost in growing pigs. Ninety-six pigs [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc, $22.96{\pm}0.79$ kg average initial body weight] were used in 42d growth assay. Dietary treatments included:1) HC (high energy and nutrient density diet), 2) CON (control, basal diet), 3) CE1 (CON + 0.05% enzyme complex) and 4) CE2 (CON + 0.1% enzyme complex). Four pigs were allotted per pen with six replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. The ADG was higher in CE1 and CE2 treatments than CON treatment (P<0.05). The ADFI was linearly increased by CE treatments compared to HC treatment. The CE1 treatment had highest DM, N and GE digestibility (P<0.05). Digestibility of DM, N and GE were quadratic enhanced by enzyme complex level. No differences were found among treatments for creatinine and BUN. The enzyme complex treatments (CE1 and CE2) showed lower feed cost/body weight gain than HC treatment. In conclusion, enzyme complex can improve ADG and reduce feed cost/body weight gain when low energy diet was used. Furthermore adding 0.05% enzyme complex had highest nutrient digestibility.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

This study was carried out to clarify precise $CO_2$ demands of paprika plants (Capsicum annumm L.) by measuring photosynthesis rates of the leaves in high, low positions, and the $CO_2$ consumption of a whole plant in a large sealed chamber. A photosynthesis measuring system (LI-6400) was used to measure the photosynthetic rates of the leaves located in different positions. A large sealed chamber that can control inside environmental factors was developed for measuring $CO_2$ consumption by a whole paprika plant. With increase of radiation, photosynthetic rates of the leaves in higher position became larger than those in lower position. The $CO_2$ consumption by the plant was estimated by using decrement of $CO_2$ concentration from initial level of 1500 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ in the chamber with increase of integrated radiation. A regression model for estimating $CO_2$ consumption by the plant (leaf area = 7,533.4 $cm^2$) was expressed with integrated radiation (x) and was suggested as $y=-0.06234+3.671^*x/(2.589+x)$ ($R^2=0.9966^{***}$). The photosynthetic rate of the whole plant measured in the chamber was 3.4 ${\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ under 300 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity, which is in-between photosynthetic rates of the leaves in high and low positions. For this reason, some differences between required and supplied $CO_2$ amounts in greenhouses might occur when depending too much on photosynthetic rates of leaves. Therefore, we can estimate more accurately $CO_2$ amount required in commercial greenhouses by using $CO_2$ consumption model of a whole plant obtained in this study in addition to leaf photosynthetic rate.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.595-603
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• 2005

Incomplete removal of bacteria contaminated dentin or enamel associated with caries is a potential problem in restorative dentistry Secondary or residual caries, pulpal inflammation and hypersensitivity may result from bacteria left after the initial preparation, especially if an adequate seal against microleakage is not obtained. A possible solution to eliminate residual bacteria left in a cavity preparation would be to treat the cavity with cavity disinfectant wash. But a potential problem with using a cavity disinfectant with dentin bonding agents could be their interference with the ability of the resin to bond to the tooth micromechanically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine containing cavity disinfectant ($Consepsis^{(R)}$) on shear bond strength and microleakage of dentin bonding agents, $Adper ^{TM}$ $Scotchbond^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose, $Adper^{TM}$ Single Bond and $Adper^{TM}\;Prompt^{TM}\; L-Pop^{TM}$ Sixty and sixty sound human third molar teeth, respectively, were used for shear bond strength and microleakage test. For experimental group, cavity disinfectant was applied before dentin bonding agents, and was not applied for the control group. The result from the this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Use of 2% chlorhexidine containing cavity disinfectant($Consepsis^{(R)}$) does not significantly affect the shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents. 2. Use of 2% chlorhexidine containing cavity disinfectant($Consepsis^{(R)}$) does not significantly affect the microleakage of dentin bonding agents.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2004

Purpose : To evaluate the clinical findings, prognosis and treatment strategy of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix were included in this study, as confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically at the Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, between May 1944 and October 2001. The mean age of patients was 56 years with a range of 32 to 78 years of age. According to the FIGO staging system, there were 5 patients with stage IB carcinoma, 5 patients with IIA, and 3 patients with stage IIB. Four patients underwent radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, 3 of these patients also received postoperative radiotherapy, and one patient underwent extrafascial hysterectomy after radiotherapy. Primary radiotherapy was done in 9 patients, and 3 were irradiated postoperatively. Nine patients received chemotherapy, 7 received neoadjuvant and 2 received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The radical purpose of radiotherapy consisted of external irradiation to the whole pelvis (4,500 $\~$5,400 cGy) and intracavitary irradiation (3,000 $\~$ 3,500 cGy). Results : The mean follow up duration was 36 months with a range of 3 to 104 months. The overall 5-year survival rate was 61.5$\%$ and the 5-year survival rates for stage IB, IIA, IIB were 60.0$\%$, 60.0$\%$, and 66.7$\%$ respectively (p=0.99). Eight patients are still alive without disease, and all of the 5 patients with recurrence are dead due to distant metastasis. Conclusion : Neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix is highly aggressive, with early lymphatic dissemination and a high rate of distant recurrence. Therefore, an aggressive therapeutic strategy Is required to obtain pelvic and distant disease control. Multimodal therapy should be considered at the time of Initial diagnosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2004

Purpose : A tumor registry system for the patients treated by radiotherapy at Samsung Medical Center since the opening of a hospital at 1994 was employed. In this study, the tumor registry system was introduced and the validity of the tumor registration was analyzed. Materials and Methods: The tumor registry system was composed of three parts: patient demographic, diagnostic, and treatment Information. All data were input in a screen using a mouse only. Among the 10,000 registered cases in the tumor registry system until Aug, 2002, 199 were randomly selected and their registration data were compared with the patients' medical records. Results : Total input errors were detected on 15 cases (7.5%). There were 8 error items In the part relating to diagnostic Information: tumor site 3, pathology 2, AJCC staging 2 and performance status 1. In the part relating to treatment information there were 9 mistaken items: combination treatment 4, the date of initial treatment 3 and radiation completeness 2. According to the assignment doctor, the error ratio was consequently variable. The doctors who 010 no double-checks showed higher errors than those that 010 (15.6%:3.7%). Conclusion: Our tumor registry had errors within 2% for each Item. Although the overall data qualify was high, further improvement might be achieved through promoting sincerity, continuing training, periodic validity tests and keeping double-checks. Also, some items associated with the hospital Information system will be input automatically In the next step.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.337-347
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• 1994

Breast conserving surgery and irradiation is now accepted as preferable treatment method for the patients with stage I and II breast cancer. Our institution activated team approach for breast conservation in 1991 and treated one hundred and fourty patients during the next three years. Purpose : To present our early experience with eligibility criteria, treatment techniques, and the morbidities of primary radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Sixty four patients with early stage breast cancer who received breast conserving treatment between January 1991 and December 1992 were evaluated. All patients received partial mastectomy(wide excision to quadrantectomy) and axillary node dissection followed by radiotherapy. Total dose of 4500-5040 cGy in 5-5 1/2 weeks was given to entire involved breast and boost dose of 1000-2000 cGy in 1-2 weeks was given to the primary tumor site. Linac 4 MV X-ray was used for breast irradiation and electron beam was used for boost. Thirty five Patients received chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy. Patients characteristics, treatment techniques, and treatment related morbidities were analyzed. Results : Age distribution was ranged from 23 to 59 year old with median age of 40. Twenty-seven patients had T1 lesions and 34 patients had T2 lesions. In three patients, pathologic diagnosis was ductal carcinoma in situ. Thirty-seven Patients were N0 and 27 patients were Nl. There were three recurrences, one in the breast and two distant metastases during follow-up period(6-30 months, median 14 months). Only one breast recurrence occured at undetected separate lesion with microcalcifications on initial mammogram. There was no serious side reaction which interrupted treatment courses or severe late complication. Only one symptomatic radiation pneumonitis and one asymptomatic radiation pneumonitis were noted. Conclusions: Conservative surgery and primary radiotherapy for early breast cancer is Proven to be safe and comfortable treatment method without any major complication. Long-term follow up is needed to evaluate our treatment results in terms of loco-regional control rate, survival rate, and cosmetic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine physical properties of the addition of green tea powder on bread flour and dough rheology of white pan bread. Three levels(0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% ) of each green tea powder with bread flour were tested for their effects in dough mixing using rapid disco analyzer, alveogram and farinogram. Addition of green tea powder tended to reduce initial pasting temperature and increase peak viscosity, break down and set back. L(extensibility) and G(swelling index) value in alveogram showed decrement with increasing green tea powder. These meant that the volume of white pan bread would show same tendency. The use of green tea powder increased consistency and water absorption of the bread flour but decreased development time, salability and degree of softening on farinogram. White pan bread with green tea powder had higher value of hardness and springness than without it. Sensory evaluation determined that the white pan bread with 0.5% green tea powder had the highest score.