• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.592-599
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• 2017

This study examined the nutritional compositions of seven raw and blanched green vegetables: Amaranthus mangostanus L. (AM), Aster scaber Thunberg, Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlstedt (TP), Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC, Allium tuberosum Rottler, Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz (LF), and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (EA). Proximate compositions (moisture, protein, ash, dietary fiber, and fat), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, and magnesium), and vitamins (riboflavin and vitamin C) were analyzed in the study. In this study, moisture contents of raw and blanched green vegetables were 71.28~92.68 g/100 g and 76.90~92.09 g/100 g, respectively. The protein and fat contents of raw LF (33.38 g/100 g and 4.50 g/100 g dry weight basis, respectively) were higher than those of other cultivars. Ash contents of AM were significantly higher than those of their respective raw samples. Potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium contents of AM were 7,710.63 mg/100 g, 1,786.67 mg/100 g, 1,534.44 mg/100 g, and 743.18 mg/100 g, respectively. In the case of raw green vegetables, iron content of TP was 55.23 mg/100 g, which was the highest value among tested green vegetables. Total dietary fiber content of EA was 59.75 g/100 g, which was the highest value. Riboflavin content was highest in the raw and blanched LF (3.10 mg/100 g and 3.05 mg/100 g, respectively). Vitamin C contents of raw and blanched EA were 468.28 mg/100 g and 471.42 mg/100 g, respectively, which were higher than the other values. There were differences in nutritional ingredients according to different types of green vegetables. Therefore, it is advisable to evenly ingest various green vegetables.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.823-834
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• 1998

Background: Chronic inhalation of silica induces the lung fiborsis. The alveolar macrophages ingest the inhaled silica; they liberate the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and fibrogenic cytokines, TGF-$\beta$ and PDGF. Cytokines liberated from macrophage have pivotal role in pulmonary fibrosis. There is a complex cytokine network toward fibrosis. However, the exact roles and the interaction among the proinflammatory cytokines and TGF-$\beta$, a fibrogenic cytokine, have not been defined, yet. In this study, we investigated silica induced IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and TGF-$\beta$ production and the effect of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ on the production of TGF-$\beta$ from lung macrophages of Balb/C mice. Method: We extracted the lung of Balb/C mice and purified monocytes by Percoll gradient method. Macrphages were stimulated by silica ($SiO_2$) in the various concentration for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. The supernatants were used for the measurement of protein levels by bioassay, and cells for the levels of mRNA by in situ hybridization. Results: The production of IL-6 was not observed till 4 hours, and reached the peak levels at 8 hours after stimulation of silica. The production of TNF-$\alpha$ increased from 2 hours and reached the peak levels at 4 hours after stimulation of silica. The spontaneous TGF-$\beta$ production reached the peak levels at 24 hours. TNF-$\alpha$ upregulated the silica induced TGF-$\beta$ production. Silica induced TGF-$\beta$ production was blocked by pretreated anti-TNF-$\alpha$ antibody. In situ hybridization revealed the increased positive signals at 4 hours in IL-6, at 4 hours TNF-$\alpha$ and 12 hours in TGF-$\beta$. Conclusion: The results above suggest that silica induced the sequential production of IL-6, 1NF-$\alpha$ and TGF-$\beta$ from macrophages and TNF-$\alpha$ upregultaes the production of TGF-$\beta$ from silica-induced macrophages.