• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

The study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal institutions for strengthening economic development, particularly entrepreneurship growth. The research will also assess the impact of control variables on political index within the formal and informal markets. The research is quantitative, which analyses panel data of 6 years in 22 countries comprising middle and high-income countries with diversified and unique political, economic, and social systems. The findings suggested that reducing the entry regulation and promoting the social capital within the formal and informal institutions would grow formal and informal entrepreneurship and be a greater source for new venture creation. Moreover, the political index, a control variable, was found significant in the relationship of institutional mix with formal and informal entrepreneurship. Entry regulations in formal and informal institutions are a complex phenomenon in the entrepreneurship literature, moderated by the political development index as tested by the current study. The time horizon for this paper is much longer since it analyzes 6 years (2014-2019) of data on 22 developing and developed countries to see the entrepreneurial growth across multiple regions on different income levels, geographic conditions, and contrasting political and social systems.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.107-121
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determining factors of foreign direct investment(FDI) of Korea by using institutioanl theory. In addition, this study divides institutional facts into the formal and the informal institutions. The empirical test implements multiful regression analysis focuing on korean electronics and automotive industry. The dependent variables are FDI outflow and the independent ones are corruption, econimic freedom, political risk, human development, and culturan distance. According to the empirical results, corruptin and human development have positive effects on Korean FDI outflow. On the other hand, political risks and economic freedom have negative effects on Korean FDI outflow. This results indicate the importance of forman and informal institutional facotrs as determinants of Korean FDI outflow.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.397-407
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• 2022

The informal economy is a large part of the urban economy. The informal economy accounts for about half of Pakistan's GDP. This research examined nine different areas of Rawalpindi's Central Business District's business sector (CBD). A survey of 404 respondents from 16 CBD marketplaces enables a comprehensive examination of who works in the informal and formal economic sectors, how much they earn, their goals, perception of their job, and their degree of similarity to the rest of the working population. Furthermore, the statistics illustrate the pro-cyclical connections between the informal economic sector and the formal economy. The Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) technique is used for the analysis. The MLR results indicated the informal economic sector holds positive relation with earning members in a family, business expertise, average business sale, and negative relation with education level, satisfaction with government tax policies, household expense, and average investment in the business. From a resilience standpoint, governance is considered an intentional collective action to preserve a stable system condition. Hence, the current study recommends tax reforms and government institution reorganization to mobilize the informal sector and make effective institutional governance.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to classify the financial strategies in elderly households. The data of 4,577 households with all ages and 1255 elderly households is from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(2000, 2003). The data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as frequency, mean-test, Duncan's multiple range test, k-mean cluster analysis and logistic regression. Findings were as follows; First, the classified household financial strategy types were Residual(44.3%), Financial Assets(24.0%), Informal Institutional(19.7%), Diversified Portfolio(7.6%), Real Estate(4.5%). Second, the criteria of classification of the financial strategies were relative, not absolute. Third, households(both elderly households and all households) that employed a diversified portfolio strategy had the greatest net wealth.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2011

There has been increasing evidence of the positive effects in informal science programs to promote the youths' positive development. However, relatively a small number of informal science programs target specific student populations such as youth in poverty with little research done about the important program factors. This case study presents an exemplary informal science education program (focusing on Earth Science Education or more specifically, water in urban environments) for youth in poverty in a midwest city of the United States. This study explored the most important characteristics of the program that could lead to positive development for the youth. Through a number of observations of the program and interviews with the participants, this study employs inductive and interpretive research methods. Findings show that the program managers' beliefs about the youths' knowledge and experiences, their relationship building skills, and their cooperative work are very important. A concrete mission for the program and structured institutional support to hire the youth as paid museum staff are also important in assuming their responsibility and building identity as an active social member.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.87-111
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• 2014

본 연구는 사회복지사의 일터에서 나타나는 무형식학습 방법을 분석하고, 인적자원개발 및 관리 차원에서 사회복지사의 역량강화를 위한 무형식학습 촉진방안을 탐색하는 것이 목적이다. 연구방법은 제주지역 소재 종합사회복지관에 근무하는 사회복지사 20명을 대상으로 한 질적 사례연구이다. 연구결과 사회복지사의 일터에서 일상적인 무형식학습 방법은 '상사의 피드백, 지인접촉, 회의참여, 자료 검토' 등이었다. 업무숙련 과정에서 가장 많이 활용된 무형식학습은 '상사의 피드백과 지인접촉'으로 인적자원과의 소통에 중점을 두었다. 이에, 사회복지기관에서는 사회복지사의 역량강화를 위해 보수교육과 같은 제도적인 형식학습 지원뿐 아니라 개인학습 지원, 비공식모임, 멘토링, 슈퍼비전, 동료와의 상호작용 등 무형식적 활동을 촉진하는 업무환경 조성이 필요하다는 제안을 하였다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.57-85
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• 2010

본 연구는 미국 위스컨신 주에서 수행된 아동양육비 이행 시범사업 서베이 자료를 이용하여, 자녀를 양육하지 않는 아버지와 자녀를 양육하는 빈곤층 어머니의 가족구조 특성이 아버지가 제공하는 비공식 양육비 수준과 관련이 있는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 비공식 양육비 수준은 해당 자녀 부모의 현재 결혼상태, 자녀의 출생 당시 결혼상태와 관련이 있었다. 아버지의 자녀를 낳은 배우자 수는 비공식 양육비 수준과 관계가 없었다. 여러 배우자 사이에 자녀를 가진 경우, 아버지는 첫 번째 배우자 사이에 출생한 자녀에게 더 많은 비공식 양육비를 제공하였다. 아버지 자녀의 구성과 관련하여, 해당자녀의 형제/자매의 존재, 해당자녀의 이복형제 등 또 다른 자녀의 존재도 비공식 양육비 수준과 관련을 맺었다. 또한 공식적 아동양육비와 비공식적 아동양육비는 보완적인 관계를 맺고 있음을 밝혔다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify the household financial strategies and investigate major determinants of the household financial strategies and financial performance. The data of 3,994 households is from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Stud?. The major findings were as follows. (1) The classified household financial strategies types were Residual ($44.6\%$), Informal Institutional ($13.3\%$), Financial Assets ($16.7\%$), Real Estate ($13.4\%$), and Diversified Portfolio ($12.0\%$). (2) The criteria of classification of the household financial strategies were relative, not absolute. (3) The household financial strategy types changed largely during a short period(1999-2000). (4) In all households, the variables that affected changes in household financial strategies were education, occupation, number of children, residential location and home ownership. (5) Households that employed a diversified portfolio strategy had the greatest financial performance (2,316,000 won net gain). (6) In all households, the variables that had the greatest influence on financial performance were the number of children, assets and debts. 1'he financial performance was significantly different according to changes in the household financial strategy.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

본 연구는 스포츠센터 지도자들의 일터 학습(work place learning)과 관련하여 구성주의 관점 및 무형식 학습의 특성에 대해 이론적인 접근을 통한 고찰을 하였다. 이에 무형식 학습을 기반으로 하는 스포츠센터 지도자는 그 성장과정과 학습을 촉진 시키는 과정에서 경험과 실천적 측면에서의 일터 학습을 통한 전문성 신장이 될 수 있도록 하기 때문에 무형식 학습은 중요한 학습적 의미를 갖는다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 스포츠센터 지도 현장에서의 지도자는 일반적인 기업의 사무직 근로자에 비해 상대적으로 일터 학습에서 형식적인 학습의 기회가 부족하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 무형식 학습의 유형 및 학습 향상에 대한 방안의 제시가 이루어져야 할 것이며 이러한 부분은 스포츠센터 지도자의 전문성 신장을 위한 중요한 요소로서 교육적 의미가 있다고 판단된다. 아울러 개인적, 환경적, 제도적, 조직적 측면에서 직장 내 학습 환경의 구축이 이루어진다면 스포츠센터 지도자들의 전문성 신장에 큰 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2022

Women entrepreneurs play a vital role in employment creation, economic development, and growth. Women entrepreneurship is deep-rooted in the social and cultural norms and values of society. Women's entrepreneurship contribution is still invisible and needs to be properly investigated. The current research study explores "how institutions affect women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan" by using institutional and social cognitive theories. Focusing on the Formal and informal institutions, this research examines how institutions are affecting women's entrepreneurial performance by taking the mediating role of women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision making. A 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data on active entrepreneurs are collected from the Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions of KPK's Women Chambers of Commerce. The data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 3. The results indicated that women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision-making strongly mediate both institutions and significantly affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay due attention to determinants like informal institutions and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.