• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 1998

Process information is known to have the continuous distribution in many manufacturing processes. Generalized p-chart has been developed for controlling processes by classifying the information characteristics into several groups. But it is improper to describe continuous processes with the classified process informal ion, which is based on the classical set concept. Fuzzy control chart, has been developed for the control of linguistic data, but it is also based on the dichotomous notion of classical set theory. In this paper, fuzzy sampling method is studied in order to process the uncertain data properly. The method is incorporated with the fuzzy control chart. Statistical characteristics of the fuzzy representative value are utilized to device the fuzzy-statistical control chart. The fuzzy-statistical control chart is compared with the generalized p-chart and both the sensitivity to the process information distribution change pared robustiness against the noise on the process information of the fuzzy-statistical control chart are shown to be superior.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.83-102
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to find out some major characteristics of intermediate-advanced Korean learners' English by corpus- linguistically analyzing their essays in comparison with native speakers'. We construct a corpus of CBT TOEFL essays by Korean learners, NNS1 (94076 words in 402 texts), and its sub-corpus, NNS2 (14291 words in 45 texts), and then a corpus of model essays written or meticulously edited by native speakers, NS (14833 words in 35 texts). We compare NNS1 and NNS2 with NS, and with some other corpora, in terms of high-frequency words, and show that Korean learners' writings have more features of informal writing than those of formal writing, which is in accord with the reports in Granger (1998) that EFL writings by European advanced learners are characterized by informality.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.167-174
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• 2014

Smart Work is a way of working independent of time and space restrictions with the help of ICT. For past years, Korea has been promoting Smart Work to boost ICT industry, to overcome low birth rate and population ageing, and to implement Smart Korea. Three elements of Smart Work include people, technology and space. A lot of research has been performed on people and technology for Smart Work. But it is hard to find research on space. In this paper, some representative smart work centers(SWCs) in Korea were selected and analyzed from the perspective of spatial design including general characteristics, personal spaces, group spaces, and support spaces. From this research, it is observed that current SWCs in Korea are good in providing personal work spaces and simple group meeting rooms as well as ICT environments. However, they lack of openness to the public and group spaces to encourage informal communications. It is also observed that personal space plans need to be multi-functional, and that novel supporting spaces are required to improve quality of life and creativity of workers.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2018

Mugiyeondang(舞沂蓮塘) is the garden that the provincial noble family in Yeongnam(嶺南) has constructed since the late Joseon period. Mugiyeondang is well known as a typical case of traditional garden in Joseon period. But it is also an exceptional case because of its informal layout that infers gradual space transition. This study aims to establish the historical story of the garden beyond the superficial description about existing spatial status and literature materials. Mugiyeondang had been constructed by seven generations of the family during two hundred years, and there were significant events at every transition points. The figure and name of elements reflects each historical change of the family. Mugiyeondang is an important case to notice that a garden was not just a subsidiary space for mere leisure life of the gentry of Joseon period, But it was an important for some families as their representative and symbolic space.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-77
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• 2005

This review is aimed at the understanding of learning in field-trips relating to education in outdoor activities. The review specifically concerns what studies have been undertaken by seeking evidence from research published between 1950 and 2004. The review indicates three common arguments on learning during field-trips. First, the learning in an informal learning environment based on first-hand experiences is most significant when it has meaning for the learner from field-trips. Second, learning aims and strategies in field-trips have evolved along with world-wide concerns towards the environment. Third, the experiences from field-trips can impact significantly on students' cognitive and affective learning. However, the research of field-trip experiences from outdoor activities has focused on learning outcomes far more than on the learning characteristics which facilitate students' learning. Therefore, further study is required, which can provide clear evidence on how such learning characteristics through field-trips can help studentsto successfully attain educational goals.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.415-416
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• 2007

HRTF DB, including the information of the sounds which is arrived to our ears, is generally used to make a 3D sound. But it can decline some three-dimensional effects by the confusion between front and back directions due to the non-individual HRTF depending on each listener. In this paper, we propose a new method to use psychoacoustic theory that reduces the confusion of sound image localization. And we make use of an excitation energy by the sense of hearing. This method is brought HRTF spectrum characteristics into relief to draw out the energy ratio about the bark band and control low frequency band. Informal listening tests show that the proposed method improves the front-back sound localization characteristics much better than the conventional methods.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.159-167
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand graffiti images in fashion trends since 2000 and to play a guiding role in the development of fashion designs. The methods of this study are an academic literature review as well as practical study through actual case studies about. The formative characteristics of graffiti in fashion since 2000 are summarized as amusement, abstract and improvisation as follows. First, amusement graffiti is humble, weak and unfinished, but the immature and informal characters give people vitality, composure and enjoyment. It stirs up memories of childhood and induces a close affinity and comfort, and so It expresses relaxing and cozy desire. Second, abstract graffiti represents ambiguity and obscurity beyond form. It is born by reacting to equality, symmetry, mechanism, man-created beauty and the completeness of modernism. The characteristics are disorder, uncertainty, incompletion, uniformity, freedom, nature and so on. Third, improvisation graffiti is deeply related to 'indeterminacy' of post modernism which cannot forecast a perfection. This is more important as a process than an effect. Improvisation pursues humanism which denies perfection and determinacy by reaction of new technology.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-39
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• 2016

Despite the importance of university-industry collaboration, issues pertaining to the characteristics of collaborating firms, their modes of interaction, and the relationship between these modes and outcomes are not well-researched. The impact of country's development on these issues is also unclear. This case study examines Japan and Thailand-respectively representing developed and developing countries-and features the following key findings: 1) the characteristics of firms affect modes, with large Japanese firms being more collaborative with universities, whereas Thai SMEs significantly collaborate more with universities; 2) the relationship between modes in Thai firms is stronger than those of Japanese firms because in Thailand, perhaps due to weak technological capacity, R&D collaboration is conducted alongside university consultancy services; and 3) in Japan, R&D and human resource development collaboration lead to product innovation, whereas different outcomes are expected from different modes in Thailand. Apparently, trivial informal collaborations do have significant impact on innovation.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.357-374
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• 2004

This paper described the types and characteristics of educational programs in major natural history museums of the world. Data were collected from the websites, annual reports, and written materials of the Natural History Museum at London, Australian Museum at Sydney, Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago, Smithsonian Museum at Washington D.C, Royal Tyrrell Museum at Canada and American Museum of Natural History at New York. As the result of this study, we presented ten types of educational programs, which were moveable museums, workshops, lecture/courses, festival/events, discovery activities, scientific exploration/research projects, field trips, youth curators/internship, loan materials and camp/tours. We also described the examples equivalent to each program type. The characteristics of educational programs provided by museums as informal learning settings were analyzed in terms of their themes, participation levels, connection with exhibition, relation to curriculum, and learning activity levels. Information in this paper will assist science teachers, museum educators and curators: (1) to design and implement various types and contents of educational programs; (2) to use characteristics of educational programs to assess and develop them; (3) to make important contributions to science education that involves the introduction of various scientific aspects and collections to the public, and the use of programs for science learning and teaching coherent to existing curricula.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.56-83
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic materials needed to enhance quality of organizational life by identifying the improvements of labor union management in the perspective of general hospital organization management. The subject of this study were 686 employees in 12 General Hospitals in Metro Capital including Seoul. Materials were collected from administrators, nurses and medical technicians in target hospitals from March 20 to May 10, 2005 through survey questionnaires. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. the commitment level of the subjects according to their characteristics was higher in older employees than the younger ones, large family to support than small family to support and those who had higher positions in labor union. 2. The commitment level of the subjects according to the job and role related variables were higher those who had higher satisfaction level to their job and manager, role conflict in all hospitals. 3. The commitment level of the subjects according to union related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer was satistically significant positive correlation. In other words, the commitment level of the subjects according to the subjects' labor union involvement was higher in those who had higher satisfaction in labor union and perceived their colleagues' attitudes more positively in all hospitals. Regarding the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer and the level of commitment in labor union, the better the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer was, the higher the level of commitment in labor union was in all hospitals. 4. The results of multiple regression analysis shows that formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union management cooperation program, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the labor union's were all found as important antecedents of labor union commitment. 5. Job and role-related variables, union-related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer, and labor union commitment level were all found significantly different in accordance with the characteristics of unions concerned. To summarize study results, the level of commitment in labor union depends on job satisfaction, manager's attitudes, satisfaction to their jobs, union satisfaction, their colleagues attitudes toward union and the atmosphere of employer-employee relationship. Therefore hospital managers should have democratic and flexible attitudes toward labor union. Additionally, as formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union-management cooperation program is important determinant in union commitment, hospital managers should have countermeasures to enhance the colleague attitude and job satisfaction level of hospital employees. Since this study deals with psychological nature of workers not a few drawbacks and shortcomings may be detected in the finding. Nevertheless, the finding of this study, to become a momentum that will stimulate further research to detect all the cues of labor union commitment and to provide valuable reference in forming logical union commitment and labor union-management cooperation.