• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2008

This study examined pre-service science teachers' perceptions of informal learning by adopting a discourse analysis method suggested by Mortimer and Scott(2003). The guiding research questions were: (1) What are some general patterns of the discourse occurring in science museums between a teacher and a student? (2) In what ways do the pre-service teachers perceive informal learning and teacher's role in informal settings? The 7 pre-service science teachers participated in this study. Each of them shepherd an elementary student around the museum and implemented their own instruction using a pre-planed lesson plan. Results indicated that even though the teachers had learned some characteristics of informal teaming in their college courses, they tended to implement their traditional view of science teaming into the instruction and the view affected them to set up their teaching purposes and contents, and to select communicative approach, patterns of discourse and ways of intervention.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.61-74
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• 2022

In a rapidly changing environment, it is essential for companies to develop their capabilities for sustainable growth. To this end, informal learning at work plays an important role for small and medium-sized enterprises that are having difficulties in human resource development. If the GRIT of workers and the spiritual leadership of leaders are maintained at an appropriate level, the effect of informal learning will increase. This study derived the following results through a survey of workers participating in the Work-learning Dual System in Korea. First, experience and feedback among informal learning activities have a significant positive effect on competency development. Second, the higher the level of the GRIT of workers, the greater the magnitude of the positive effect of experience and feedback on competency development, showing a positive moderating effect. Third, in the case of workers with high GRIT, capacity development is strengthened as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the scope of reinforcement. On the other hand, it can be seen that in the case of workers with low GRIT, competency development weakens as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the extent of the weakening.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.483-497
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• 2008

This study investigated what kind of informal knowledge is emergent and what role informal knowledge play in process of solving 2-digit by 2-digit multiplication task. The data come from 4 times interviews with a 3th grade student who had not yet received regular school education regarding 2-digit by 2-digit multiplication. And the data involves the student's activity paper, the characteristics of action and the clue of thinking process. Findings from these interviews clarify the child's informal knowledge to modeling strategy, doubling strategy, distributive property, associative property. The child formed informal knowledge to justify and modify her conjecture of the algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.91-120
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• 2017

This study aimed (a) to examine the association between chronic illness and multidimensional disability(i.e., psychological/emotional functions, activity capacity, and participation frequency) among older adults with disabilities, (b) to investigate the effect of formal and informal supports on multidimensional disability, and (c) to analyze the moderating effects of formal and informal supports on the association between chronic illness and multidimensional disability. This study used 2014 Korea Welfare Panel Study(the 9th wave) data and 450 older adults with disabilities aged 50 and over were selected as the study target. The research model was analyzed by structural equation modeling using IBM AMOS 22.0. Based on the ICF framework developed by WHO, health condition was measured by the level of chronic illness; psychological/emotional functions were measured by health satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression; activity capacity was measured by ADLs and IADLs; participation frequency was measured by the total number of social activities joined; formal support was measured by the total number of formal welfare services for people with disabilities utilized; informal support was measured by perceived social support. The findings showed that the level of chronic illness was negatively associated with psychological/emotional functions among the older adults with disabilities. The informal support positively affected psychological/emotional functions and activity capacity, whereas the formal support showed the opposite result. That is, the formal support negatively influenced activity capacity and showed a moderating effect on the association between the level of chronic illness and the psychological/emotional functions in a reverse way. Based on the results, practice and policy implications for alleviating disability level among the older adults with disabilities were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.620-633
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• 2014

This study was to examine elementary students' expectations on informal science learning in science museums which have characteristics of free choice learning. $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grade students in two different elementary schools in Gyeonggi province participated in the survey and 330 samples were collected. Subcategories for the survey were categorized on the basis of review of the literature about the learning outcomes from science museums. The survey instruments were developed following the idea of each subcategory from the learning in science museums and a content validity of the survey instruments was checked. The results were as follows: Generally students' had high expectations of all subcategories and developing their interests in science through science museums was confirmed the most. Moreover, expectations on learning in science museums were differences between gender and grade. Finally, it was found that grade differences of expectations on learning in science museums were affected by intrinsic motivation, and empirical activity were affecting the gender differences of those. Based on the results of study, elementary students could confirm that the science museums had the important values and possibility as a field of informal science learning. And this study implied that the science museums could enhance more educational roles of informal science learning.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.393-414
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• 2004

Traditional role of library is focused on the book collection and its reference service. However, library should be stressed the need of educational activity in the future. This study described to classify the roles of public library, which are book collecting and its reference services, educational activities, event place service for region community. Observation survey on the public libraries in Boston and its Vicinity shows that public libraries have various children's programs and they are getting more important roles. Public libraries of case study have done not only the roles for reference service space but also the informal lifelong education institute for region community. Library as the informal lifelong education institute deserve special emphasis on the development of education program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.281-296
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• 2015

The ultimate goal of environment education plays an important role in forming knowledge, skill, attitude and a point of value along with sustainable development in the regions. Recently, however, environment education is comparatively despised due to college-entrance-exam-focused education policy. Ironically, environment education is more actively implemented at informal institutes rather than formal ones. Environment education at schools is based on the school curriculum, but at informal educational institutes enjoy much more freedom in choosing learners, places and programs. Among them, the place is one of the most important factors of environment education. Therefore, in order to maximize the goal of environment education in this study, a specified program was developed and applied to a certain place to investigate its features and effects. Also the program was checked if it reflexes the environment education goal by using environment education program analysis frame. The results are as follows; according to the analysis of the program, the program was most effective for the two goals of offering hands-on experience and presenting motivations. The second most effective result of the program lied in the goal of knowledge, functions, value and attitude. And the teachers who used this program concluded that, when the program was applied to unmanned islands, offered stronger motivation due to their natural surroundings. Furthermore, direct experience is recommended because it can give us better conditions to collect data and to enhance interpretation ability.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the 'Enterprise Health Promotion Index', a tool for assessing health promotion activities of worksite developed by the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Methods: This is designed a methodological study that evaluates the validity of the Enterprise Health Promotion Index. For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the workplace health professional and safety professional, and a total of 297 data were extracted as final data. We developed the informal health promotion needs and activity measurement tools. The correlation coefficient between the score of the enterprise health promotion index and the score of the informal health promotion tool was analyzed for the criterion validity evaluation. Results: The criterion validity of the Enterprise Health Promotion Index and activity index were supported by finding moderate (r=.597) and high (r=.783) correlation coefficient. However, the requirement index has low levels of criterion validity (r=.364). Conclusion: Based on these results, we suggest to improve the utility of the corporate health promotion index by developing user manual, active public relations, and providing briefing sessions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.14
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• pp.93-130
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• 1987

Scientific communication is an information exchange activity between scientists. Scientific communication is carried out in a variety of informal and formal ways. Basically, informal communication takes place by word of mouth, whereas formal communication occurs via the written word. Science is a highly interdependent activity in which each scientist builds upon the work of colleagues past and present. Consequently, science depends heavily on scientific communication. In this study, three mathematical models, namly Brillouin measure, logistic equation, and Markov chain are examined. These models provide one with a means of describing and predicting the behavior of scientific communication process. These mathematical models can be applied to construct quality filtering algorithms for subject literature which identify synthesized elements (authors, papers, and journals). Each suggests a different type of application. Quality filtering for authors can be useful to funding agencies in terms of identifying individuals doing the best work in a given area or subarea. Quality filtering with respect to papers can be useful in constructing information retrieval and dissemination systems for the community of scientists interested m the field. The quality filtering of journals can be a basis for the establishment of small quality libraries based on local interests in a variety of situations, ranging from the collection of an individual scientist or physician to research centers to developing countries. The objective of this study is to establish the theoretical framework for informetrics which is defined as the quantitative analysis of scientific communication, by investigating mathematical models of scientific communication.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-109
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• 1999

This study aims to reflect the basic principles and teaching-teaming principles of Realistic Mathematics Education in order to suppose an way in which mathematics as an activity is carried out in primary school. The development of what is known as RME started almost thirty years ago. It is founded by Freudenthal and his colleagues at the former IOWO. Freudenthal stressed the idea of matheamatics as a human activity. According to him, the key principles of RME are as follows: guided reinvention and progressive mathematisation, level theory, and didactical phenomenology. This means that children have guided opportunities to reinvent mathematics by doing it and so the focal point should not be on mathematics as a closed system but on the process of mathematisation. There are different levels in learning process. One should let children make the transition from one level to the next level in the progress of mathematisation in realistic contexts. Here, contexts means that domain of reality, which in some particular learning process is disclosed to the learner in order to be mathematised. And the word of 'realistic' is related not just with the real world, but is related to the emphasis that RME puts on offering the students problem situations which they can imagine. Under the background of these principles, RME supposes the following five instruction principles: phenomenological exploration, bridging by vertical instruments, pupils' own constructions and productions, interactivity, and interwining of learning strands. In order to reflect how to realize these principles in practice, the teaming process of algorithms is illustrated. In this process, children follow a learning route that takes its inspiration from the history of mathematics or from their own informal knowledge and strategies. Considering long division, the first levee is associated with real-life activities such as sharing sweets among children. Here, children use their own strategies to solve context problems. The second level is entered when the same sweet problems is presented and a model of the situation is created. Then it is focused on finding shortcomings. Finally, the schema of division becomes a subject of investigation. Comparing realistic mathematics education with constructivistic mathematics education, there interaction, reflective thinking, conflict situation are many similarities but there are alsodifferences. They share the characteristics such as mathematics as a human activity, active learner, etc. But in RME, it is focused on the delicate balance between the spontaneity of children and the authority of teachers, and the development of long-term loaming process which is structured but flexible. In this respect two forms of mathematics education are different. Here, we learn how to develop mathematics curriculum that respects the theory of children on reality and at the same time the theory of mathematics experts. In order to connect the informal mathematics of children and formal mathematics, we need more teachers as researchers and more researchers as observers who try to find the mathematical informal notions of children and anticipate routes of children's learning through thought-experiment continuously.