• 동유럽발칸연구
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• 제36권
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• pp.247-268
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• 2013

본 논문은 지하경제의 문제점을 통해, 동유럽 보통 사람들의 삶이 체제 이행 과정에서 어떻게 변화했는지 고찰하고 있다. 1989년 이후 동유럽 사회는 급격한 자본주의 체제로의 이행을 겪었다. 충격요법의 실행은 대량실업의 발생, 복지 혜택의 축소 등 동유럽 보통 사람들의 삶의 질을 급격히 악화시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 이제 많은 사람들이 살아남기 위해 공식 경제 영역이 아닌 지하경제 활동에 뛰어들게 되었다. 현실사회주의 시절 계획 경제의 경직성을 완화시켜 주던 지하경제는, '유연한' 자본주의 체제로의 전환했다지만 여전히 생계수단이 되고 있는 것이다. 체제는 바뀌었다지만 생계수단은 바꾸지 않은 셈인 것이다.

• 한국통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통신학회 2004년도 하계종합학술발표회논문초록집
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• pp.182-182
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• 2004

• 한국통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통신학회 2004년도 하계종합학술발표회논문초록집
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• pp.133-133
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• 2004

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.59-73
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• 1999

It is known that the role of informal support for elderly women is critical to their physical and mental health, adjustment in old age, and their overall life satisfaction. Elderly women's situation such as social losses, widowhood, living alone, and geographic relocation etc. may result in a need for more informal supports for elderly women's health than ever before. Particularly, women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment, and nurturance. Unlike a generally accepted notion that later life for women is a time of isolation and loneliness, elderly women tend to maintain and reestablish their friendship regardless their marital status and living situation. Although studies on informal support for elderly women were inconclusive in many ways, elderly women's friendship tends to be stable despite of changing health status and life events. The relative importance between daughters and friends was also controversial. This study suggests that more research with reliable measurements is necessary for the practical prevention and intervention program of elderly women's health on this issue.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.70-84
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• 2019

Purposes: Despite a lot of prior studies on psychological empowerment on positive outcomes, the objectives of this paper were to examine the role of psychological empowerment on informal learning and the mediation role of informal learning between psychological empowerment and outcome variables focused upon physical therapists working in hospital industry. Methodology: Using survey methods, the data were collected from 198 physical therapists who have worked in Ulsan city and attended in annual meeting. Findings: Results showed that psychological empowerment predicted informal learning positively but differences in mediational mechanism. Specifically, the path between psychological empowerment and proactive behavior partially mediated but no mediating effect between psychological empowerment and helping behavior. This study identified the main role of psychological empowerment on informal learning, and it expands on positive functions of the concept to learning area in organizations. The other results help advanced understanding of differential mechanism through informal learning in the process between psychological empowerment and both outcomes. Practical Implications: The current study contributes to expend the area of prior findings on psychological empowerment to learning activities implemented by individual volunteer effort. For hospitals operating the teams of physical therapy, the significance for considering psychological empowerment is highlighted as for individual growth related to job and for change behavior in the individual level.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to establish an university informal program roadmap, and also to draw up operational plans for human resources with core technologies of the fourth industry. To do this, first we derived university informal education program draft through experts workshop, then conducted a survey regarding the female university students' perception of educational programs and their educational needs on the 4th core technology matching programs. The following main results were obtained : First, students preferred 'hands-on training' by professionals and they wanted to be trained during summer or winter holidays or the night time during semesters. Also, they thought two hours of training per session was appropriate. Regarding these results, there was no difference depending on the majors. Second, while students had highly preferred for the courses related to data analysis, Arduino programing and VR(virtual reality), those related to 3D printing modeling were less preferred. Depending on the majors, preferred courses had different priorities, but non-preferred courses were similar regardless of majors. Based on these results, the university informal curriculum model and the operation plans for the core technologies of the fourth industry were proposed.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2011

There has been increasing evidence of the positive effects in informal science programs to promote the youths' positive development. However, relatively a small number of informal science programs target specific student populations such as youth in poverty with little research done about the important program factors. This case study presents an exemplary informal science education program (focusing on Earth Science Education or more specifically, water in urban environments) for youth in poverty in a midwest city of the United States. This study explored the most important characteristics of the program that could lead to positive development for the youth. Through a number of observations of the program and interviews with the participants, this study employs inductive and interpretive research methods. Findings show that the program managers' beliefs about the youths' knowledge and experiences, their relationship building skills, and their cooperative work are very important. A concrete mission for the program and structured institutional support to hire the youth as paid museum staff are also important in assuming their responsibility and building identity as an active social member.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of power and empowerment, self-efficacy of dental hygienists. Date were obtained from 203 dental hygienists who were working at dental clinics, hospitals located in Seoul. The results were analyzed with spsswin 12.0 and the conclusion is as follows: 1. The level of dental hygienists formal power was 3.19, informal power was 3.41, empowerment was 3.12, self-efficacy was 3.67. 2. Formal power showed significant a positive correlation with informal power and informal power showed significant a positive correlation with empowerment 3. According to the position, there were significant differences in formal power(pE0.05). 4. According to the working place, age, experienced-years, position, marriage and turnover experience there were significant differences in informal power(pE0.05). S. According to the working place, position, and marriage there were significant differences in empowerment(pE0.05). 6. According to the age, experienced-years, position, marriage and turnover experience there were significant differences in self-efficacy(pE0.05). 7. Informal power and information structure accounted significantly for the self-efficacy.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.607-623
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 받아올림이나 받아내림이 있는 가감 연산에 대한 한 아동의 비형식적 지식에 대해 조사하였다. 관련 내용을 아직 학습하지 않은 한 명의 1학년 학생을 대상으로 세 가지 유형의 문제-받아올림 및 받아내림의 기본이 되는 십몇이 되는 덧셈과 십몇과 몇의 차, 받아올림이 있는 두 자리 수와 한 자리 수의 합 및 두 자리수끼리의 합, 받아내림이 있는 두 자리 수와 한 자리 수의 차 및 두 자리 수끼리의 차-를 각각 4, 6, 4문제 제시하여 세 차례에 걸쳐 풀도록 함으로써 아동의 비형식적 지식을 파악하고, 형식적 지식의 영향으로 인해 변화한 계산 전략을 비교 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 아동의 비형식적 지식에 포함된 개념적 요소와 절차적 요소를 추출하고 학교 수학에서 표준 알고리즘으로 다루어지는 형식적 지식과의 연계를 돕기 위한 교수학적 시사점을 얻고자 하였다.