• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.22 no.B
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• pp.27-34
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• 2002

3-D numerical studies are performed to investigate the effect of the air dam height and approaching air velocities on the pressure distribution of notchback road vehicle. For this purpose, the models of test vehicle with four different air dam heights are introduced and PHOENICS, a commercial CFD code, is used to simulate the flow phenomena and to estimate the values of pressure coefficients along the surface of vehicle. The standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ model is adopted for the simulation of turbulence. The numerical results show that the height variation of air dam makes almost no influence on the distribution of the value of pressure coefficient along upper and rear surface but makes strong effects on the bottom surface. That is, the value of pressure coefficient becomes smaller as the height is increased along the bottom surface. Approaching air velocity makes no differences on pressure coefficients. Through the analysis of pressure coefficient on the vehicle surface, one tries to assess aerodynamic drag and lift of vehicle. The pressure distribution on the bottom surface affects more on lift than the pressure distribution on the upper surface of the vehicle does. The increase of air dam height makes positive effects on the lift decrease but no effects on drag reduction.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2017

The characteristics of flow past a square cylinder submerged under the free surface have been numerically studied. An immersed boundary method was adopted for implementation of the cylinder cross-section in a Cartesian grid system. Also, a level-set method was used to capture the interface of the two fluids. The case for Reynolds number 150 was examined. At the specific Reynolds number, by varying the gap ratio(0.25, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70, 1.00, 1.50, 2.50, 5.00) the effects of the free surface on the force coefficients and Strouhal number of vortex shedding were identified. The presence of the free surface very close to the cylinder significantly affects the shedding pattern, resulting in considerable deviation of the force coefficients and Strouhal number from those of the single-phase flow. In addition, the influence of Froude number was considered in this study. By increasing Froude number(0.2-0.4), flow topology change was identified at the specific gap ratios(0.40, 0.70, 1.50, 5.00).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 1992

In close-range photogrammetry, to employ non-metric camera especially for the purpose of precise measurement, systematic errors must, first of all, be corrected as they have a great influence on accuracies of results. For it, fiducial marks was built in non-metric camera and the factors such as PPS, PPA, EFL, CFL, and radial lens distortion coefficients for each quadrant were calibrated through collimator test. Also, the coefficients of both radial and tangential lens distortion were calibrated from analytical plumb line method and therefore main systematic errors could be effectively corrected. Using the calibrated non-metric camera, close-range photogrammetry could be successfully accomplished and accuracies could be improved sharply.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2018

Soils are mostly nonhomogeneous and anisotropic in nature. In this study, nonhomogeneity and anisotropy of soil are taken into consideration by assuming that the cohesion increases with depth linearly and also varies with respect to direction at a particular point. A three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism is adopted, and then a three-dimensional stability analysis of slope is carried out with the failure surface in the shape of a curvilinear cone in virtue of the limit analysis method. A quasistatic approach is used to develop stability charts in nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils. One can easily read the safety factors from the charts without the need for iterative procedures for safety factors calculation. The charts are of practical importance to prevent a plane failure in excavation slope whether it is physically constrained or not. Then the most suitable location of piles within the reinforced slope in nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils is explored, as well as the interactions of nonhomogeneous and anisotropic coefficients on pile reinforcement effects. The results indicate that piles are more effective when they are located between the middle and the crest of the slope, and the nonhomogeneous coefficient as well as the anisotropic coefficient will not only influence the most suitable location for piles but also affect the calculated safety factor of existing reinforced slope. In addition, the two coefficients will interact with each other on the effect on slope reinforcement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.279-282
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• 2002

Twenty six male Hanwoo (Korean cattle) carcasses were measured for pH, temperature and instrumental color changes of loins during 24 h post-mortem carcass chilling at $4^{\circ}C$ in the cooler. The average internal temperature of loins was about $5^{\circ}C$ after 24 h of chilling, and with the exclusion of those with an ultimate pH>6.0 (dark-cutters), the average pH value was 5.5. When all carcasses were considered for the partial correlation coefficient between color and pH, with the temperature effect excluded, CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ seemed to be affected significantly by pH during chilling process (p<0.001). However, when carcasses with dark-cutting condition were excluded, the correlation coefficients were much lower. In contrast, when the partial correlation coefficients between color and temperature, excluding the effect of pH on them, were analyzed, the relationship between color and temperature did not change much after values of DFD (dark, firm, dry) beef were excluded. The results suggested that the known interrelationship of color and pH in chilled beef loins be mainly due to the influence of temperature on pH and color.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.150-158
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• 2007

Data on squid catches, water temperature, and climatic factors collected for the Northwest and subtropical North Pacific were analyzed to examine the influence of oceanic and climatic conditions in spawning grounds on catches of Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in the East (Japan) Sea. The main spawning ground was divided into four sub-areas: the South Sea of Korea (R1), the southern waters off Jeju, Korea (R2), the southwestern part of Kyushu, Japan (R3), and the northern part of Okinawa, Japan (R4). Interannual and decadal fluctuations in water temperatures correlated well with squid catches in the East/Japan Sea. In particular, water temperatures at a depth of 50 to 100 m in sub-areas R3 and R4 showed higher correlation coefficients (0.54 to 0.59, p<0.01) in relation to squid catches in the East/Japan Sea than for R1 and R2, which had correlation coefficients of 0.40 or less (p>0.05). Air temperature and wind velocity fluctuations in each sub-area are correlated with water temperature fluctuations and were closely connected with variations in the surface mixed layers. Water, air temperatures and wind velocities at the main spawning grounds are linked to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with higher signals in the ca. 2-4-year band. Strong changes in a specific band and phase occurred around 1976/77 and 1986/87, coincident with changes in squid catches.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.463-471
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• 2014

This paper considers the effect of rainfall on non-point source (NPS) pollutant loads. The impact of runoff on the occurrence of NPS pollutants was found to be influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, and the number of antecedent dry days (ADD), both independently and in combination. The close correlation ($R^2$ = 0.9920) between rainfall and runoff amounts was demonstrated at the study site (a flower farm) over the period between January 2011 and December 2013. The relationships among pollutant levels, runoff, and rainfall was not satisfactory results except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand ($BOD_5$). The correlation coefficients between $BOD_5$, and both runoff and rainfall, were greater than 0.92. However, the relationships of other pollutants, such as Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand ($COD_{Mn}$), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP), with runoff and rainfall had correlation coefficients of less than 0.70. The roles of rainfall was different from rainfall categories on the occurrence of runoff. Instantaneous rainfall intensity was a principle factor on the occurrence of runoff following light rainfall events (total ${\leq}30mm$). For rainfall of intermediate intensity (total precipitation 31-50 mm), the combined effect of both average rainfall intensity and ADD was found to influence runoff generation. We conclude that the control of NPS pollutants with the reflection of the climate change that makes the remarkable effect of amounts and forms on the rainfall and runoff.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.465-470
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• 2009

The frictional behaviors of Cermets/Cr-Ceramics and Cu-Al coatings of piston ring were investigated. Friction tests were carried out by pin-on-disk test and materials properties of coating layer were analyzed by nano indentation tester. The effect of surface roughness of cylinder liner on the friction coefficient was analyzed. This study provided tribological data of hard and soft piston ring coatings against cylinder liner. The surface roughness does exert an influence on the average friction coefficient, with smoother surfaces generally yielding lower friction coefficients. In case of hard-coating, the scratch depth, width and pile-up height had close relationship with hardness. So the scratch width, depth and pile-up height increases with decreasing friction coefficient. But in case of soft-coating, the friction coefficients are strongly dependent on the morphological characteristics such as, scratch depth, width, pile-up height and elastic modulus.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 2020

Cantilever sheet pile walls are subjected to surcharge loading located on the backfill soil and at different distances from the top of the wall. The response of cantilever sheet pile walls to surcharge loadings at varying distances under seismic conditions is scarce in literature. In the present study, the influence of uniform surcharge load on cantilever sheet pile wall at varying distances from the top of the wall under seismic conditions are analyzed using finite difference based computer program. The results of the numerical analysis are presented in non-dimensional form like variation of bending moment and horizontal earth pressure along the depth of the sheet pile walls. The numerical analysis has been conducted at different magnitudes of horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients by varying the magnitude and position of uniform surcharge from the top of the wall for different embedded depths and types of soil. The parametric study is conducted with different embedded depth of sheet pile walls, magnitude of surcharge on the top of the wall and at a distance from the top of the wall for different angles of internal friction. It is observed that the maximum bending moment increases and more mobilization of earth pressure takes place with increase in horizontal seismic acceleration coefficients, magnitude of uniform surcharge, embedded depth and decrease in the distance of surcharge from the top of the wall in loose sand.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.178-186
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• 2002

3-D numerical studies are performed to investigate the effect of the trunk height and approaching air velocities on the pressure distribution of notchback road vehicle. For this purpose, the models of test vehicle with four different trunk heights are introduced and PHOENICS, a commercial CFD code, is used to simulate the flow phenomena and to estimate the values of pressure coefficients along the surface of vehicle. The standard k-$\xi$ model is adopted for the simulation of turbulence. The numerical results say that the height variation of trunk makes almost no influence on the distribution of the value of pressure coefficient along upper surface but makes very strong effects on the rear surface. That is, the value of pressure coefficient becomes smaller as the height is increased along the rear surface and the bottom surface. Approaching air velocity make no differences on pressure coefficients. Through the analysis of pressure coefficient on the vehicle surfaces one tried to assess aerodynamic drag and lift of vehicle. The pressure distribution on the rear surface affected more on drag and lift than pressure distribution on the front surface of the vehicle does. The increase of trunk height makes positive effects on the lift decrease but negative effects on drag reduction.