• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.66-80
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• 1983

As a part of the epidemiological studies of clonorchiasis in Korea, this study was conducted to evaluate the current endemicity and the natural transition of the Clonorchis infection in Goyang Gun a low endemic area in recent years, prior to the introduction of praziquantel which will eventually influence to the status of the prevalence. The data obtained in this study in 1983 were evaluated for natural transition of the infection in comparison with those obtained 16 years ago in 1967 by the author (Kim, 1974). The areas of investigation, villages and schools surveyed, methods and techniques used in this study were the same as in 1967, except for the contents of the questionnaire for raw freshwater fish consumption by the local inhabitants. 1) The current prevalence rate of Clonorchis infection among the inhabitants was 7.5% on the average out of a total of 479 persons examined. The prevalence rate was 9.0% in the riverside area and 4.2% in the inland area. Among the schoolchildren, the prevalence rate was 1.1% out of a total of 1 319 examined. By area, it was 1.4% in the riverside area and 0.7% in the inland area. By sex, the prevalence rate was 13.3% in the male and 1.3% in the female in the inhabitants and no difference was seen in the schoolchildren. 2) In the natural transition of the infection, the prevalence rate in the inhabitants has decreased from 22.5% in 1967 to 7.5% in 1983, and in the schoolchildren, from 9.5% in 1967 to 1.1% in 1983. The reduction rate was higher in the riverside area than in the inland area. 3) In the prevalence rate by age, 1.2% was seen in the 10-14 age group and gradually increased to 8.1% in the 30-39 age group and reached peak 18.1% in the 40-49 age group. By sex, in the male, the prevalence rates have increased to 31.9% and 33.3% in the 40-49 and 50-59 age groups, respectively and decreased thereafter. In the female, the prevalence rate less than 5% was seen only in between the 10-14 and 30-39 age groups. 4) In the natural transition of the prevalence rate by age, sharp decrease was seen in the male from around 50% in 1967 between 15-19 and 30-39 age groups. The generation over 40s showed less decrease. In the female, the prevalence rate has decreased from 13% in 1967 to 5% in 1983 in the middle age groups and dropped to 0% in the rest of the age groups. 5) The intensity of the infection among clonorchiasis cases by mean EPmg (number of eggs per mg feces) value was 1.4. In the inhabitants, the value was 2.0 in the riverside area and 0.4 in the inland area. While in the schoolchildren, the value was 0.2 in both riverside and inland areas. 6) In the transition of the intensity of the infection, EPmg among the inhabitants has decreased from 3.9 in 1967 to 2.0 in 1983 in the riverside area, and from 2.9 to 0.4 in the inland area. In the schoolchildren, the reduction was similar in both riverside and inland areas resulting from 1.0-1.1 in 1967 to 0.2 in 1983. 7) In the intensity of the infection by age, EPmg 3.4 was peak at the 40-49 age group and 0.2-1.0 was seen in the rest of the age groups. The mean value was 1.5 in the male and 0.6 in the female. 8) In the natural transition of the intensity of the infection, the EPmg has decreased from 2.7 in 1967 to 1.4 in 1983. By age, reduction was seen in all of the age groups, particularly in the young and the old age groups of 50s and over, except in the 40-49 age group in which reverse phenomenon was seen. By sex, it has decreased from 3.5 in 1967 to 1.5 in 1983 in the male and from 1.0 to 0.6 in the female. 9) In the distribution of the clonorchiasis cases by the range of EPmg value, 70.3% of the cases were placed in the range of 0.1-0.9 as the most and 16.2% in 1.0-4.9 as the next. With such figures, those included in the range less than 0.9 as light infection were 78.4% and under 5.0-9.9 up to moderate infection 99.3% of the cases were covered. The cases were distributed up to 20.0-39.9 in the male and to 1.0-4.9 in the female. 10) In the transition of the distribution of the clonorchiasis cases by EPmg, the highest intensity reached up to 60.0-79.9 in 1967 and to 20.0-39.9 in 1983. In the range of light infection, under 0.1-0.9, the distribution in rate was 64.5% in 1967 and 78.4% in 1983. Up to the range of moderate infection, under 5.0-9.9, 91.7% in 1967 and 97.3% in 1983 were seen respectively. 11) In a survey for raw freshwater fish consumption among the local inhabitants,78.3 of the clonorchiasis cases interviewed admitted their experience of the raw consumption. However, those who practised in the past two years were 34.8% 55.6% of those who have such experience in the past professed that they did not practise raw freshwater fish consumption in the past two years. 12) The major cause of the reduction of the raw freshwater fish consumption among the inhabitants were the wide spread water pollution in the locality. The most common reason professed for stopping raw freshwater fish consumption among the inhabitants was the risk of the fluke infection. 13) In animal survey, 3.1% of dogs were found infected with Clonorchis, decreasing from 21.6% in 1967. 14) The distribution of the first intermediate host, Parafossarulus manchouricus has greatly diminished in this locality and found only in two localized ponds. No Clonorchis infection was found from the snails examined. 15) The second intermediate freshwater fish host has been further limited by extended water pollution. No susceptible fish host could be examined. 16) In conclusion, the endemicity of Clonorchis infection in Croyang Gun, low endemic area, has significantly decreased during the past 16 years. The major cause of the regressive transition of the infection was the water pollution of the freshwater system of this locality. This has upset the ecosystems of the intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis in many areas of waterbodies and further discouraged to a significant extent the local inhabitants from raw freshwater fish consumption.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1986

In order to observe the infestation rate and intensity of C. sinensis in Yeoju Eup, Kyung-gi Do, 9,512 stool specimens were collected from the inhabitants through student's helps. The specimens were examined by cellophane thick smear technique and Stoll's egg dilution technique. The epidemiological status was analysed statistically by the regession equation and catalytic curve with the results obtained from this area. The results are as follows: 1) Collection rate oft he stool samples was 66.5%, 9.512 out of 14,300 inhabintants complied with our survey. 2) The infestation rate of C.sinensis was 5.0%, and for male 7.8%, for female 2.3%. 3) Average E.P.G. by Stoll's egg dilution technique in this area was 1,572, and for male 1,853, for female 676. 4) The degree of the intensity of C. sinensis infection by E.P.G. count was distributed as 65.2% in light infection, 32.0 % in moderate infection, 2.8% in heavy infection and none in very heavy infection. 5) The intensity of endemicity in this area was represented with the regression equation calculated with cumulative percentages of E.P.G. counts. Regression equation was y=3.887+1.695 log x and Cs. $D_{50}$ was 4.54. 6) The two-stage catalytic model was applied and the calculation lead to the equation $y=0.267(e^{-0.004t}-e^{-0.019t})$; a=0.004 < b=0.019. 7) Other helminthic infection rate in this area was 1.4% in A.lumbricoides 2.7% in T. trichiura, 1.6% in M. yokogawai md 0.2% in Taenia sp. respectively.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2021

2019년 11월에 중국 우한지역에서 발생한 COVID-19가 세계적 대유행(Pandemic)이 시작된 지도 1여년이 지났다. 2021년 1월 현재, 세계적으로 9천 5백여만 명이 감염되었으며, 사망자는 2백만여 명을 상위하고 있다. 우리나라도 감염자가 7만 3천여 명, 사망자 1천 3백여 명에 달하여 감염예방을 위한 사회적 거리두기 등의 정책을 시행하고 있다. 이에 따라 각종 체육시설이 폐쇄되는 등 신체활동 환경에 많은 위축이 발생하였다. 국가 정책에 협조하면서도 감염의 예방과 건강생활을 유지하기 위한 신체활동에 대한 고찰이 필요하였다. 본 연구는 심장병과 당뇨의 위험을 감소시키고 골밀도를 개선시키며, 건강 수명의 연장과 노화에 따른 활동수행력을 유지시키고 심리적 불안과 우울증을 개선시키는 신체활동의 이득을 살펴보았다. 더불어 COVID-19 감염 예방을 위한 사회적 거리두기 등으로 인한 운동중단 상황에서 발생할 수 있는 생리적 변화들을 고찰하였다. 중정도의 유산소운동은 자연살해세포와 호중성백혈구, 항체반응을 활성화시켜 면역기능 강화에 도움을 준다. 하지만 장시간 고강도 운동은 운동 후 수 시간 동안 혈중 B-세포, T-세포, 자연살해세포의 수준과 기능을 감소시키며 비강의 호중성 백혈구의 식균작용을 저하와 염증성 사이토카인을 증가시켜 면역기능을 일시적으로 떨어뜨려 감염을 증가시킨다. 따라서 COVID-19 시대에는 면역기능에 장애를 초래하는 마라톤 같은 장시간 고강도 운동은 자제하고, 감염예방에 도움을 주는 빠르게 걷기 같은 중강도의 규칙적인 유산소성 운동과 근육량 감소를 예방하기 위한 저항운동에 참여할 것을 권장하고자 한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.359-365
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• 2012

We investigated leaf disease intensity of Kalopanax septemlobus (prickly castor oil tree) caused by the parasitic fungus Mycosphaerella acanthopanacis, in thirty natural host populations in the Japanese Archipelago. The disease intensity observed for individual trees were analyzed using a generalized additive model as a function of tree size, tree density, climatic terms and spatial trend surface. Individual tree size and conspecific tree density were shown to have significant negative and positive effects on disease intensity, respectively. The findings suggest that the probability of disease infection is partly determined by dispersal of infection agents (ascospores) from the fallen leaves on the ground, which can be enhanced by aggregation of host trees in a forest stand. Regional-scale spatial bias was also present in disease intensity; the populations in northern Japan and southern Kyushu were more severely infected by the fungus than those in southwestern Honshu and Shikoku. Regional variation of disease intensity was explained by both climatic factors and a trend surface term, with a latitudinal cline detected, which increases towards the north. Further research should be conducted in order to understand all of the factors generating the latitudinal cline detected in this study.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2007

For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2002

The modulatory effects of oxytetracycline treatments at high concentrations on the infection potential of scuticociliates in cultured juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and density of the ciliates in culturing water were investigated. The groups bathed with 400 and 500 ppm of oxytetracycline showed significantly lower intensities of scuticociliates on the fish and considerably lower number of the ciliates in culturing water when compared with the control group. However, the intensity of scuticociliates on the fish in the group bathed with 300 ppm of oxytetracycline was not significantly different with that of the control group in spite of considerably lower number of scuticociliates in culturing water than in that of the control group. Although the intensities of scuticociliates on the fish intubated orally with 400 and 500 mg/kg of oxytetracycline were lower than that of the control group, there were no statistical significances. In contrast, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of oxytetracycline showed significantly lower intensity of scuticociliates when compared with other groups. The results of this study suggest that oxytetracycline treatments can modulate occurrence of scuticociliatosis in fish farms probably through change of bacterial density, damaging to scuticociliatosis and immuno-suppression of fish.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2016

To know the infection status of helminths in primary schoolchildren of southern parts of Vietnam, we performed an epidemiological study in Krong Pac district, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. A total of 1,206 stool specimens were collected from ethnic Ede schoolchildren in 4 primary schools in 2015 and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. In addition, stool cultures were done by the Harada-Mori method to obtain hookworm larvae and then to clarify the species of hookworms infected. The results showed that the helminth infection rate was 25.0%, including 2.0% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.33% Trichuris trichiura, and 22.8% hookworm infections. The average intensity of infection was 102.0 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) for Ascaris, 36.0 EPG for Trichuris, and 218.0 EPG for hookworms. ITS1 gene sequences of the hookworm larvae were identical with those of Necator americanus (100% homology) reported in GenBank. It has been confirmed in this study that the hookworm, N. americanus, is a dominant helminth species infected in primary schoolchildren of a southern part of Vietnam. Public health attention is needed for control of hookworm infections among schoolchildren in surveyed areas of Vietnam.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.534-536
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• 1999

The common squid, Todarodes pacificus was infected by parasites. The parasites may be infective to humans if common squid are eaten raw as 'sashimi' or 'sushi'. The species of the parasites in host, T. pacificus were Tentacularia sp., Orygmatobothrim sp. and Ponocaecum sp.. The prevalence, relative density and mean intensity of three parasites were $100.00\%$, 24.13 and 24.13 respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

Objective : Spondylodiscitis has been diagnosed by clinical, radiological and laboratory methods. MR imaging is well known as an excellent diagnostic tool for spondylodiscitis. However, the changes in MR images throughout the treatment process has not been studied. Thus we have analyzed the serial changes of MR images throughout the stages of infection. Methods : Ten patients were selected for retrospective reviewed who had been treated at our institute for infectious spondylodiscitis between 2000 and 2005. These patients had been followed-up at least six months and had taken more than a couple of series of MR scans. We classified the MR images into four groups according to the stages of treatment for the infection and compared them to the clinical and laboratory findings. Results : MR image signals changed minimally or appeared to be normal in the early stages. The progression of spondylodiscitis was characterized by a low T1 WI signal and a high T2 WI signal in disc and vertebral body. The signal changes of the MR images were then propagated and the end plate was destructed. During the treatment, the destructed endplate became stabilized and the signal intensity of both T1 and T2 WI were fixed to low-or iso-intensity. Conclusion : We can determine the serial signal changes based on MR images according to the treatment of spondylodiscitis. We can therefore determine the status of the infection and the stage of treatment, as well as the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis using serial MR images.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.647-652
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• 2020

Clonorchis sinensis is the most common fish-borne intestinal parasite in Korea. The aim of the present investigation was to survey the status of C. sinensis infection and analyze associated risk factors in residents of Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. A total of 5,114 residents from 10 administrative towns/villages voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, which comprised fecal examination, a questionnaire survey for risk factors, ultrasonography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cancer biomarker detection in the blood. We detected C. sinensis eggs in 5.3% of the subjects. By region, Gunbuk-myeon had the highest number of residents with C. sinensis eggs. The infection rate and intensity were higher in male than in female residents. Based on the risk factor questionnaire, infection was highly associated with drinking, a history of C. sinensis infection, and the practice of eating of raw freshwater fish. Extension of the bile duct, infection intensity, and cancer biomarker detection significantly correlated with the presence of eggs in the study population. In conclusion, the development of feasible, long-term control policies and strategies for the elimination of C. sinensis in Korea is still required.