• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2020

Recurrent event data frequently occur in clinical studies, demography, engineering reliability and so on (Cook and Lawless, The Statistical Analysis of Recurrent Events, Springer, 2007). Sometimes, two or more different but related type of recurrent events may occur simultaneously. In this study, our interest is to estimate the covariate effect on bivariate recurrent event times with zero inflations. Such zero inflation can be related with susceptibility. In the context of bivariate recurrent event data, furthermore, such susceptibilities may be different according to the type of event. We propose a joint model including both two intensity functions and two cure rate functions. Bivariate frailty effects are adopted to model the correlation between recurrent events. Parameter estimates are obtained by maximizing the likelihood derived under a piecewise constant hazard assumption. According to simulation results, the proposed method brings unbiased estimates while the model ignoring cure rate models gives underestimated covariate effects and overestimated variance estimates. We apply the proposed method to a set of bivariate recurrent infection data in a study of child patients with leukemia.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권sup1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Worldwide, diarrhea remains one of the most common illnesses among children. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the cornerstone of diarrhea treatment. Yet, the rates at which ORT is used are still disappointingly low. Additional treatment interventions include antimotility drugs, antisecretary drugs, adsorbents, probiotics, antibiotics, oral immunoglobulin, micronutrient supplementation. Drugs are generally not necessary. However, selected probiotics may reduce the duration and intensity of diarrhea. Zinc is beneficial especially to malnourished children with diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment is effective mainly in shigella and cholera infection. Other drugs may be effective but require further investigations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.613-621
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• 2007

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has expanded and evolved substantially in the last decades to treat various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, the conditioning regimen can lead to transplantation related death by major organ dysfunction, severe infection and bleeding. In the allogeneic setting, graft versus host disease may also develop, making post-transplant management complex. To overcome these problems, new stem cell sources, stem cell mobilizing agents and new skills, nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation including reduced intensity stem cell transplantation has been introduced in clinical practice, but problems remained so far. Recipients of stem cell transplant may be severely immunocompromised for many months after transplantation. Furthermore, long-term complications (endocrine, metabolic, relapse, second malignancies, etc) can develop. Pediatrician is open called on to participate in the evaluation and consideration of patients for possible transplant and long-term follow-up of HSCT patients. This review is intended as a basic overview of HSCT relevant to general pediatrician.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.18.1-18.4
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• 2021

The small intestines of two rallid aquatic birds (Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 and Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Bahr Al-Najaf depression, southwest of Al-Najaf city, mid-Iraq), were infected with the nematode Amidostomum acutum Seurat, 1918 with a prevalence of 25% and 50%, respectively, and a mean intensity of 24.5 and 30, respectively. The infected birds showed several gross pathological and microscopic lesions in their small intestines due to the infection with this nematode. The gross lesions included hypertrophy in the anterior part of the duodenum and small rough nodules on the small intestine wall. Microscopic lesions included necrosis and shortening of villi with their fullness with inflammatory cells, degeneration of villi, and an increased number of acini at the base of the intestinal villi.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 1996

우리 나라 남해안 일부 지방산 반지락에서 Panpctremc속 흡충의 피낭유충 감염상을 조사하였다. 1990년 9월에 경상남도 5개 지역과 전라남도 8개 지역을 직접 방문하여 현지산 반지락을 구입하여 인공소화법으로 조사한 결과 총 300개의 반지락 중 233개(77.7%)에서 1-273개(평균 54개)의 피낭유충이 검출되었다. 검출한 피낭유충은 V형의 배설낭. 구홉반의 측돌기, 복홉반과 떨어져서 맹장 사이 정중면에 위치한 생식공 등의 형태학적 특징을 토대로 Pqwokemo속으로 동정하였다 경남 사천군 용현면산. 전남 고흥군 도화면산. 장홍군 안량면산, 강진군 칠량면산 반지 락은 1000% 감염되어 있었으며 감염량은 각각 평균 71. 31. 80 및 42개이었다. 경남 남해군 고현면산. 의창군 구산면산 및 전남 고흥군 도화면산 반지락은 조사한 97.5-90.0%가 평균 117개, 28 개 및 76개의 피낭유충에 감염되어 있었다. 경남 남해군 설천면산 전남 여천군 화양면산. 승주군 별량면산 남해군 북평면산 반지락은 조사한 55.0-80.0%가 평균 6-25개의 피낭유충에 감염되어 있었다. 경남 고성군 삼산면산 및 전남 여천군 돌산읍산 반지락에서는 피낭유충이 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 우리 나라 남해안 일부 지방산 반지락에 Pawatremn속 흩충의 피낭유충이고 도로 감염되어 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1986

흰가루병에 대하여 감수성인 봄보리품종 Peruvian과 성체식물 저항성품종 Asse의 4엽기에서 흰가루병에 감염되었을 때 $^{14}CO_2$동화와 $^{14}C-$동화산물의 대사변화를 연구하였다. 건전식물에서는 Peruvian과 Asse간에 $^{14}CO_2$동화와 $^{14}C-$동화산물 대사에서 차이가 어 없었다. 감염된 엽수가 늘어남에 다라 이들 두 품종에서 $^{14}CO_2$ 동화와 동화산물의 이행량은 감소하였다. 감염정도가 같을때도 Asse보다 Peruvian에서 $^{14}CO_2$동화가 더 감소되었다. 흰가루병이 감염되지 않은 제4엽에서도 $^{14}CO_2$고장이 줄어들었고, Peruvian에서 더 줄었다. 아래 3엽이 감염되었을 때 감염되어 있지 않는 상위 제4엽에서 fructose, glucose등의 탄수화물로 $^{14}C$가 결합되는 것을 억제하였고 Asse보다 Peruvian에서 억제가 더 컸다. 감염된 제3엽에서도 탄수화물내에 $^{14}C$이 줄어들었으나 Peruvian에서 $^{14}C$로 표식된 fructose, glucose함량이 더 높았다. 모든 식물기관에 $^{14}C$-유기산합성이 촉진되었고 Asse보다 Peruvian에서 합성이 더 뚜렷하였다. 감염된 제3엽이나 건전제4엽에서 $^{14}C$이 아미노산으로 결합되는 것이 증가하였으나 엽초로 이동은 감소되었다. 이들 잎에서 어떤 $^{14}C$-아미노산은 Asse보다 Peruvian에 더 많이 축적되었다.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2024

목적: 국가별 감염병 대응 역량을 분석하여 이를 바탕으로 우리나라의 감염병 관리 대응에 대한 개선점을 찾아보고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구에서는 첫 번째로 2022년 WHO가 공개한 전 세계 96개국 SPAR 점수로 코로나19 감염병 대응 역량을 국가별로 분석하였다. 둘째, Our World in Data와 글로벌보건안보지수(GHSI)를 활용하여 각국의 구체적인 코로나19 방역 성과를 분석하였다. 결과: 첫째, 2021년 1월 24일의 방역강도 지수는 동남아시아 지부 방역이 67.6으로 가장 높아 강한 방역대책을 가지고 있었고, 아프리카 지부는 44.5로 가장 낮았다. 2022년 12월 31일의 방역강도 지수는 유럽이 11.6으로 대폭 낮아졌다. 둘째, SPAR 지표가 인구 백만명당 총환자수에 미친 영향 요인은 국가 실험실(C4)로 p=.027이고, 인구 백만명당 총사망수에 미친 영향 요인은 감염 예방과 관리(C9) p=.005, 위험 의사소통 및 지역사회 참여(C10) p=.040이었다. 1인당 GDP의 영향 요인은 감염 예방과 관리(C9) p=.009이고, GHSI에 미친 영향 요인은 감염 예방과 관리(C9) p=.002이었다. 결론: 이상의 연구결과로 감염병 역량 정도를 각 국가가 자체평가한 결과인 SPAR가 코로나19의 누적 환자수를 낮추거나 방역강도를 결정하는 것과 연관성을 발견하기 어려웠지만 사망율과 GHSI, 국민소득 등과는 일정 부분 영향을 받은 것으로 판단이 된다. 향후 우리나라의 감염병 관리 대응에 대한 개선점은 향후 미지의 신종감염병이 발생했을 때를 대비하여 JEE 혹은 GHSI 등과 같은 보다 과학적이고 신뢰성 높은 데이터를 중심으로 대응역량을 분석하여 사회·경제적 비용 감소 효과를 절감할 수 있는 방역대책 수립이 필요하다. 이를 기초로 공중보건학적 국가 위기에 대응하여 전문가 그룹을 중심으로 한 콘트롤타워의 주도적인 의사결정과 효과적 보건 의사소통도 요구된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2018

The present study was performed to investigate the infection status with Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) in fishes from 2 sites, the middle and lower reaches, of Tamjin-gang (River) in Jeollanam-do, the Republic of Korea. Total 1,132 fishes in 22 species were collected from the middle reaches in Jangheung-gun for 4 years (2014-2017) and 517 fishes in 17 species were also collected from the lower reaches in Gangjin-gun in 2014 and 2017. They were all individually examined with the artificial digestion method in our laboratory. CsMc were detected in 322 (28.5%) out of 1,132 fishes from Jangheung-gun, and in 161 (31.1%) out of 517 fishes from Gangjin-gun, and their densities were 51 and 57 per fish infected each. In the fish species with CsMc, positive rates were 61.5% in Jangheung-gun and 62.7% in Gangjin-gun. A total of 222 Pungtungia herzi were examined and they were all infected with CsMc. The average intensity was 103 CsMc in the index fish, P. herzi (95 in Jangheung-gun and 121 in Gangjin-gun). In P. herzi bimonthly examined in 2017, the intensity was commonly most higher in March in 2 surveyed sites, however the significant seasonal endemicity was not showed. Conclusively, it was confirmed that CsMc is more or less prevalent in fishes from Tamjin-gang and their endemicity is higher in fish from the lower reaches in Gangjin-gun than the middle reaches in Jangheung-gun in Jeollanam-do, Korea.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a common white matter lesion affecting the neonatal brains. PVL is closely associated with cerebral palsy (CP). It has been suggested that maternal or placental infection can induce damage to the neonatal brains. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill running and swimming of rat pups on the GFAP and MBP expressions in the brains of rat pups with maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CP. The rats were divided into the six groups for experiment 1: the control group, the control with mild exercise group, the control with moderate exercise group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with mild exercise group, and the LPS-treated with moderate exercise group (n=6 in each group). The rats in the running groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks. For experiment 2, the rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with swimming group, and the LPS-treated with treadmill running group (n = 5 in each group). The rats in the swimming group were made to swim for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The rats in the treadmill running group were made to run for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The present results showed that intracervical maternal LPS injection during pregnancy significantly increased GFAP expression in the striatum and significantly decreased MBP expression in the corpus callosum of rat pups. The present results also showed that treadmill running and swimming significantly suppressed GFAP expression and significantly enhanced MBP expression in the brains of rat pups with maternal LPS-induced CP. This effect of treadmill running was shown as equally both in the mild-intensity exercise and in the moderate-intensity exercise. The present study revealed that exercise, both the treadmill running and swimming, is effective for the treatment of astrogliosis and hypomyelination associated with CP. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill running and swimming are effective for alleviating the detrimental effects of CP.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2018

The infection status of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) was examined in freshwater fish from a highly prevalent site, Wicheon (a branch of Nakdong-gang), which is located in Gunwi-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, the Republic of Korea. Total 1,162 fish in 32 species were examined by the artificial digestion method through 6 years. CsMc were detected in 720 (67.5%) out of 1,067 fish (26 spp.) and their density was 610 per fish infected. In the susceptible gobioninid fish group, i.e., Pungtungia herzi, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae and Pseudorasbora parva, all of 323 fish were infected with an average of 1,310 CsMc. Total 23 (95.8%) gobioninid fish, i.e., Pseudogobio esocinus, Abbottina springeri, Hemibarbus longirostris, Microphysogobio koreensis, and Microphysogobio jeoni, were infected with 127 CsMc in average. In the acheilognathinid fish (bitterlings) group, the prevalence was 77.0%, and the density was 50 CsMc per fish infected. In the rasborinid fish (chubs) group, i.e., Zacco platypus, Zacco temminckii, Zacco koreanus, and Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, 147 (36.5%) out of 403 fish examined were infected with 15 CsMc in average. The susceptibility indices of CsMc were 412 in the overall positive fish group, 1,310 in the gobioninid group-1, 122 in the gobioninid group-2, 38.5 in the acheilognathinid group, and 5.5 in the rasborinid fish group. Conclusively, it was confirmed that CsMc are highly prevalent in fish from Wicheon, and their infection tendency varied according to the subfamily groups in Cyprinidae fish hosts.