• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.778-785
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• 2001

In Korea, the concerns about the consumption of soy-based infant formulas have received considerable public attention. In has been known that the n-3/n-6 ratio of soy has a beneficial effect on the health. This study was conducted to investigate whether the soy-based infant formula has an effect on the composition of fatty acids in erythrocytes with regard to the plasma lipid levels in full-term infants. The infants who were delivered at Kyung Hee Medical Center were recruited. Experimental groups were the breast milk group(n=17), soy-based infant formula group(n=12) and casein-based infant formula group(n=19). Anthrophometic and dietary assessments were performed and the composition of RBC fatty acids and blood lipid levels were measured. The body weight, length, chest circumference and head circumference of the subjects were normal growth range showing no significant difference among the experimental groups. The ratio of n-3/n-6 ratio in breast milk, soy-based infant formula and casein-based infant formula were 0.11, 0.14 and 0.13, respectively. N-3/n-6 ratio of the subjects erythrocyte fatty acids for each groups were 0.18, 0.21 and 0.17, respectively. Most of the fatty acids of erythrocyte were not significantly different among the three experimental groups. The blood lipid levels of each experimental group were normal range. The total lipid level of casein-based formula group was higher than that of other experimental groups and LDL-cholesterol level of soy-based formula group was the lowest among the three groups.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.583-586
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• 1999

The quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite in rain, milk and infant formula was done by Ion Chromatography. The nitrite was not detected(<0.1 mg/L) in all the samples. However, the nitrate was detected in the range of 0.1~4.9 mg/L in rain, 9.8~19.8 mg/L in milk, and 80~300 mg/L in infant formula, respectively. Some content of nitrate is close to the maximum contaminant level(MCL) which is 10 mg/L as $NO_3-N$, 44.3 mg/L as $NO_3$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the calcium and phosphorus intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25male breast and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum. There were four groups breast-fed(BF) and three formula-fed groups(FFM, FFN and FFP). There was no significant difference in the height and weight of infants according to feeding methods and formula brands. Milk intake and the concentration of calcium and phosphorus from human milk and the formulas were measured. The average calcium content of human milk was 26.6$\pm$4.1mg/dl and 13.5$\pm$2.0mg/dl, respectively. The average calcium intakes of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 205.5$\pm$29.3mg/day and the 460.5$\pm$70.6mg/day, respectively the average calcium intake of breast-fed infants was significantly lower than that of formula fed infant. The percent of RDA(41%) of breast-fed infants was lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed infant. The average phosphorus intake of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 105.1$\pm$20.1mg/day and 288.3$\pm$37.3mg/day, respectively. The precent of RDA(27%) for brest fed was significantly lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed. The Ca/P ratios were 2.1 in brest fed and 1.6 in formula fed infant. The average calcium and phosphorus intakes of the formula fed infants was higher than that of the brest-fed infants. This data suggests the calcium and phosphorus intakes form human milk sufficiently support the growth of infants. Therefore, the level of calcium and phosphorus recommended dietary allowances for infants should be reduced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2011

We investigated the selenium (Se) nutrition status in Korean infants. The mean serum Se concentration in infants was 66.9 ${\mu}g/L$, and it increased with increasing in infant age: 57.6 ${\mu}g/L$ at 0-5 months, 71.8 ${\mu}g/L$ at 6-11 months, and 75.5 ${\mu}g/L$ at 12-24 months. Serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity also increased with infant age. Serum Se concentration in infants was positively correlated with serum GPx activity (r = 0.565, p < 0.01). At 0-5 months, human milk-fed infants tended to have higher Se concentrations and GPx activity than those of formula-fed infants, but the result was not significant. With the introduction of supplemental feeding at 6-24 months of age, serum Se concentration was not different between the groups. Therefore, human milk feeding seemed to be more appropriate for infant Se nutrition than infant formula feeding during the first 6 months of life, but supplemental feeding became more important later to maintain good Se nutrition status.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1985

The fatty acid composition acyl carbon atoms and species of triglycerides from human mature milk, infant formulas (modified milk formula) and market milk were determined by argentation thin-lager and gas-liquid chromatography. Short-chain fatty acids which sere not detected in human milk were present in very small amount in modified milk formula and market milk. The levels for 5:0, 22:0 and 24:0 in modified milk formula and for 8:0, 10:0, 18:0, 22:0 and 24:0 in market milk were significantly higher than those in human milk. The levels for 10:0 and 14:0 in modified milk formula and for 12:0 and 20:0 in market milk were significantly lower than those in human milk. The relative percent of $18:2{\omega}6$ in human milk, modified milk formula and market milk were on average 12.0, 15.0 and 3.8 percents respectively. Human milk contained significantly higher proportions of both ${\omega}6-and{\omega}3-derived$ long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than modified milk formula and market milk. The major triglycerides of human milk, modified milk formula and market milk made by the glycerides with 44-52, 50-54 and 36-40 acyl carbon atoms, respectively. There were significant differences in levels for total number of acyl carbon atoms per glycerid molecule of human milk, modified milk formula and market milk. In comparison with human milk, modified milk formula and market milk showed significantly higher levels for saturates but significantly lower levels for trienes to polyenes.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2017

Purpose: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed all infants, but not all infants can be (exclusively) breastfed. Cow's milk based infant formula is the second choice infant feeding. Methods: The safety of a new synbiotic infant formula, supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides, with lactose and a whey/casein 60/40 protein ratio was tested in 280 infants during 3 months. Results: The median age of the infants at inclusion was 0.89 months. Weight evolution was in accordance with the World Health Organization growth charts for exclusive breastfed infants. The evolution of all anthropometric parameters (weight-for-length z score and body mass index-for-age z score) was within the normal range. The incidence of functional constipation (3.2%), daily regurgitation (10.9%), infantile crying and colic (10.5%) were all significantly lower than the reported median prevalence for a similar age according to literature (median value of 7.8% for functional constipation, 26.7% for regurgitation, 17.7% for infantile colic). Conclusion: The new synbiotic infant starter formula was safe, resulted in normal growth and was well tolerated. Functional gastro-intestinal manifestations (functional constipation, regurgitation and colic) were significantly lower than reported in literature. Synbiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides) in cow's milk based infant formula bring the second choice infant feeding, formula, closer to the golden standard, exclusive breastfeeding.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.756-766
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to examine the growth pattern and hair trace element contents of healthy infants who were fed breast milk(BF infant) and formula (FF infant) during the first 6 months and its relationship to intake of trace elements. Bimonthyl anthropometric measurements were obtained on 32 infants through 6 months of age. Mean calculated energy, iron, zinc and copper intake from breast milk at 2 months of age were 432.4kcal/d, 0.19mg/d, 1.18mg/d and 0.22mg/d. The values obtained from formular were543.7kcal/d, 6.68mg/d , 2.82mg/d and 0.33mg/d , respectively. In spite of the significantly lower intake of energy and trace elements in BF infants than in FF infants, BF infants showed growth above the average Kroean infant standard growth rate and showed no significant growth rate difference or hair trace element content. Hair iron content in the BF infants at 6 mo. of age was positively related to birth weight and iron intake at 2 mo. of age. In contrast, hair zinc and copper content in the FF infants at 6 mo. of age as negatively related to height increment and weight increment during 6 months, respectively. These results support the suggesting that BF infant's higher iron, zinc and copper intake is attributed to the superior bioabailability of these trace elements from breast milk.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1985

The fatty acid composition of Phospholipids from human mature milk, modified milk formula and market milk were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The levels of 8:0, 10:0, 19:0, 20:0 and 22:0 were significantly higher in modified milk formula than in human milk. The levels of 14:0 and 16:0 were significantly lower in modified milk formula than in human milk. Modified milk formula had a higher $18:2{\omega}6$ content than human milk (17.9 versus 7.9%). The metabolites of the ${\omega}$9-, ${\omega}$6-$ and ${\omega}$3-series showed lower levels in modified milk formula than in human milk. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids from modified milk formula was similar to that of market milk.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

The diagnosis and treatment of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is still a challenge. A systematic literature search was performed using Embase, Medline, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials for the diagnosis and treatment of cow's milk allergy (CMA). Since none of the symptoms of CMPA is specific and since there is no sensitive diagnostic test (except a challenge test), the diagnosis of CMPA remains difficult. A "symptom-based score" is useful in children with symptoms involving different organ systems. The recommended dietary treatment is an extensive cow milk based hydrolysate. Amino acid based formula is recommended in the most severe cases. However, soy infant formula and hydrolysates from other protein sources (rice) are gaining popularity, as they taste better and are cheaper than the extensive cow's milk based hydrolysates. Recent meta-analyses confirmed the safety of soy and estimate that not more than 10-15% of CMPA-infants become allergic to soy. An accurate diagnosis of CMA is still difficult. The revival of soy and the development of rice hydrolysates challenge the extensive cow's milk based extensive hydrolysates as first option and amino acid formula.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations and infants intake of sodium and potassium from human milk during the first 5 months of lactation. The sodium concentrations of the milk during the lactation appeared 21.1, 18.1, 15.9, 12.4, 10.6 and 11.4 mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of lactation respectively. The potassium concentrations of the milk 48.5, 43.3, 40.8, 39.9, 40.5 and 38.5 respectively, Na/K ratio of the milk were 0.76, 0.75, 0.70, 0.56, 0.46 and 0.53(mEqu\\mEq). Sodium intakes of breast-fed infants were 106.9, 108.4, 90.6, 82.5 and 95.6mg/day during the lactation. Potassium intakes of the infants were 255.7, 276.0, 289.7, 294.6, 320.3 and 318.3mg/day. Sodium and potassium concentrations in infant formula averaged 23.62 and 67.61 mg/100g which was 1.90 and 1.69 times as those of breast milk at 3 month of lactation. Commercial whole milks had 39.53 and 135.22mg/100g of sodium and potassium respectively which was 3.19 and 3.39 times as those of the milk. From this study, reevaluation of sodium and potassium intakes if breast-fel infants was merited and the regulation of that minerals in infant formula is need to lower the renal solute load of formula-fed infants.(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):23-29, 2001)