• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 1998

Infant formula in nursing bottle, with inappropriate feeding habits, is major factor associated with the development of nursing caries. Although each infant formula has different carbohydrate and protein composition, studies comparing cariogenic potential of many Korean-branded infant formulas are deficient. In addition, it is on the point of being difficult to evaluate the cariogenecity of milk due to development of many infant formulas. In this study, to evaluate the cariogenic potential of many infant formulas, after oral rinse with six Korean-branded infant formulas(three milk based formulas, one soy based formula and two specific formulas for infants with allergy to milk protein and with lactose intolerance) for ten adult volunteers(eight males and two females), plaque pH change was measured with In vivo/In vitro combination technique and results were as follows. 1. All six different kinds of Korean-branded commercial infant formulas dropped the plaque pH significantly(p<0.05) and at an hour after rinse, plaque pH was not recovered in most of subjects. 2. Soy based infant formula and casein-hydrolyzated infant formula containing no casein dropped the plaque pH significantly more than milk based infant formula containing casein (p<0.05). 3. In the milk protein of infant formulas, casein had more effect on buffering the pH change of the infant formula than whey protein and casein-hydrolyzated infant formula had a reduced effect of casein. 4. In infant formulas with similar protein composition, infant formula containing sucrose dropped plaque pH more than infant formula containing lactose, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05).

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 1998

Scanning electron microscopic appearance of infant milk formula indicated that mostly agglomerate with few or more diverse number of particles and also apple like as well as typical feature of drying in raw milk. Small particle of infant milk formula become agglomerate progressively. Some sample represent crystalline rectangular among the globular agglomerates which seem to be a different composites or those of solubility. Some sample showed the irregular porosity at central sec-scanning electron microscopic study between Korea and European products.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.209-214
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• 1987

A survey to determine the zinc content of early-infant food sources was conducted. Collected samples from various lots were human milk from volunteer mothers and infant formula and market milk from markets. The determined results by Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer were as follows: 1. Averages of Zn were 201$\pm$144 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in human milk, 2.243$\pm$0.888 mg/100g in infant formula, 292$\pm$90$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in market milk and showed the decline trend by the lactation periods in human milk. (p<0.01) 2. Estimated daily intake of Zn from human milk was higher than that from infant formula in 3 months old infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.841-850
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• 2003

Soy-based formula has been used for centuries in Korea. Soybeans contain phytochemicals with a biochemically active component, isoflavone. Isoflavone is a kind of phytoestrogens, structurally and functionally similar to estrogen. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soy-based infant formula on growth, development, and isoflavone concentration in the plasma and urine. Thirty-nine healthy infants who were delivered at K university medical center were recruited. Experimental groups were the breast milk group (n = 15, BM) who were fed breast milk, soy-based formula group (n = 10, SBF) who were fed soy-based infant formula, and the casein-based formula group (n = 14, CBF) who were fed casein-based infant formula for 4 months. HPLC analysis was used to measure the concentration of isoflavones. The measurements of infant weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference were all in the normal growth range and were similar among the experimental groups. No significant differences were found in the scores of total mean of infant development test (Development Quotient, DQ) among the experimental groups. The isoflavone content of soy-based formula was significantly higher than. that of breast milk and casein-based formula. Plasma concentration of daidzein and genistein in the infants fed soy-based formula (daidzein : 264.1 ng/ml, genistein : 392.1 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p<.0001) than that in infants fed breast milk (daidzein : 3.4 ng/ml, genistein : 3.8 ng/ml) and casein-based formula (daidzein: 8.1 ng/ml, genistein: 9.3 ng/ml). Also, urinary daidzein and genistein concentrations in infants fed soy-based formula (daidzein: 19.82 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 17.89 $\mu$g/ml) were significantly higher (p<.001) than those in infants fed breast milk (daidzein: 0.28 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 0.22 $\mu$g/ml) and casein-based formula (daidzein : 0.45 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 0.33 $\mu$g/ml).

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Infant formula is classified into standard cow's milk-based and special formulas. This review aimed at summarizing the types of special milk formulas currently sold in Korea, and the appropriate indications for the use of these formulas; lactose free formula, soy-based formula, protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid-based formula, preterm formula, medium chain triglyceride formula, low-phosphorus formula, protein-energy-enriched formula, and formulas for inborn errors of metabolism.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Human milk contains the nutrients for the growth and the development of the newborn. It contains specific proteins, lipids, and other components designed to be easily digestible and which play important roles in infant nutrition. However, when the lactation is failure or milk secretion is not enough, bovine milk based dried formulations, which is called infant formula, have been widely used for infant feeding. In this study, we investigated protein composition and amino acids profile related to easy digestion; fatty acids composition and LCPUFA(DHA and ARA) related to brain and eye development; synbiotics which take advantage of both probiotics and prebiotics; and colostrum-originated functional micronutrient as major issues in the recent infant formula. Domestic infant formulas, which are based on the research of human and bovine milk rich in functional components for immunity, growth, anti-allergenicity, digestion and brain development, have been developed to be similar to human milk.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.659-673
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• 2023

Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 2011

This was a prospective cohort study of 976 infants from birth to 12 months of age. Infants were fed breast milk, goat infant formula, cow infant formula, or a combination of formula and breast milk during the first 4 months of age. Data on type of milk feeding and infant growth (weight and height) were collected at birth and at 4, 8, and 12 months during routine clinical assessment. The number and consistency of bowel motions per day were recorded based on observational data supplied by the mothers. Infants fed breast milk or goat or cow infant formula during the first 4 months displayed similar growth outcomes. More of the infants fed cow infant formula had fewer and more well-formed bowel motions compared with breast-fed infants. The stool characteristics of infants fed goat formula resembled those of infants fed breast milk.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Human milk is frequently the only food source for a newborn during the initial stage of life after birth. Milk provides not only the nutrients necessary for the infant's growth, but also ingredients that may enable the infant to thrive. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to be these beneficial ingredients for the health of infant. It has been reported that around 5 to 10 g unbound oligosaccharides and around 20 to over 130 different HMO are present in 1L of human milk. The suggested health mechanisms of HMO's roles in host defense are 1) blocking bacterial adhesions, 2) binding to a toxin receptor on the extracellular domain, and 3) postbiotic effect resulting from the increase of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Among the prebiotic oligosaccharides, mixtures of long chain fuetooligosaccharides (10%) and galactooligosaccharides (90%) in infant formula are demonstrated to increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli to the levels seen in human milk fed infants.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2005

전세계 많은 나라들은 조제분유를 특수 영양식품으로 분류하여 관리에 각별히 신경을 쓰고 있으며, CODEX에서는 첨가되는 거의 모든 성분을 모유에 들어 있는 것이어야 하며, 또한 과학적으로 안전성이 입증된 것만을 넣을 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 이 때문에 분유 메이커들은 제품 개발을 위해 많은 모유 및 우유 성분에 관한 연구를 바탕으로 하여 모유의 조성에 맞추는 노력을 하고 있다. 국내산 분유는 외국 제품에 비해 면역기능 향상, 항-알레르기 능력 향상, 뇌와 소화기관의 발달 등을 돕는 성분이 강화되어 있다. 현재 생명과학기술의 진보와 각종 신기술의 도입으로 모유 및 우유속의 극미량 성분까지 분리정제가 가능함에 따라 다양한 기능성을 갖는 성분들이 상품화되고 있으며, 이를 이용해 조제분유를 개발하고 있다. 두뇌 발달 성분인 DHA, 아라키돈산 등과 면역기능 강화 성분인 뉴클레오타이드, 락토페린 등의 첨가 및 정장기능을 보이는 올리고당 등의 성분강화에서 이제는 뼈 성장 발달인자, 아토피 및 알레르기의 감소를 위해 가수분해물의 이용 등의 기능을 보강한 다양한 제품이 개발되어지고 있는 중이다.