• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of dentifrice among children in a bid to provide information on dentifrice including its function to children's parents, the major consumers of dentifrice for child. And it's additionally meant to offer useful information on the production of toothpaste for kid. The subjects in this study were parents with children, who dwelled in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. After a self-administered survey was conducted for about three months from May to July 2007 to gather data on their use of dentifrice for child, a comparative analysis was implemented. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. Concerning the state of the use of their children's dentifrice, the largest number of the children(58.1%) started to use toothpaste at the age of one or down, and the most common first toothpaste they used was dentifrice for preschooler(86.8%). As for whether to use fluoride-containing toothpaste, the largest group of the parents(58.1%) gave an affirmative answer. Regarding the form of the toothpaste in use, the majority of their children used toothpaste of cream type(86.2%). The greatest group of the children used the amount of toothpaste that was as large as the three-tenths or four-tenths of the bristles(35.9%). 2. As for the state of the use of dentifrice for kid, the greatest group used that kind of toothpaste(81.4%). In the event of those who didn't use it, the last time when their children used toothpaste for kid was when they were at the western age of 3(33.9%) and 4(33.9%). Concerning the reason why they replaced toothpaste for kid with one for adult, the largest group of the parents did that on their own judgment(58.1%). As to the right time for replacing toothpaste for kid by one for adult, the greatest group considered it advisable for children to start using toothpaste for adult at the western age of 4 or 5(43.2%). 3. In relation to the state of the purchase of toothpaste for their children, the largest group was under the moderate influence of the children when they bought it(45.2%). The greatest group attached importance to the ingredients of toothpaste(41.6%), and the most preferred ingredient was fluoride(56.3%). 53.0 percent took consideration on the content of ingredients or the instructions. 4. In regard to priorities for the choice of toothpaste for their children, they gave top priority to brand(16.7%), followed by quality(14.6%) and ingredients(13.5%). The age of the parents made a statistically significant difference to the children's age when they started using toothpaste, and how they started to do that and whether they used fluoride-containing toothpaste were statistically significantly different according to that as well(p < 0.01). In regard to the impact of the occupation of the parents, the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste was more common among the stay-at-home mothers(p < 0.01).

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.184-228
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• 1998

This study reviews the relationship between son preference and fertility behavior, and infant and chlid mortality in the context of fertility and mortality decline. In Korea the situation reveals that fertility can decline to a very low level even in the presence of strong son preference, but son preference has certain effects on fertility and childhood mortality. The effect of son preference on fertility increased as the level of fertility declined. Our findings show that son preference causes excess female childhood mortality both directly and indirectly through fertility. Also, in Korea, the analysis reveals that female children suffer excessively high level of mortality and part of the excess mortality is due to parents' behavior on family building related to the effort to secure the birth of a son.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 1997

Purpose: The incidence of hepatitis A virus(HAV) infection has markedly decreased in the last 20 years due to industrialization and improvements in the standard of living and hygiene in Korea. The reduction in seroprevalence rates indicates infection potential for young adult population, and a need for vaccinations in high-risk adults and children groups has been suggested. In this study we evaluated the seroprevalence rates and natural infection rates of hepatitis A in children and adolescent to obtain the basic data for vaccination of hepatitis A. Methods: A total of 334 children and adolescent subjects below 20 years old in Kyonggi-do province were examined for HAV antibody and seroprevalence rates in each age group was investigated. In 584 elementary school students residing in Kyonggi-do province, serum samples collected in 1993 and 1996 from the same subjects for investigation of natural seroconversion rates. Method of testing antibody was enzyme immunoassay. Results: 1) The seropositive rate of HAV in 334 subjects aged below 20 years old was 5.4%. According to age, the seropositive rates were 27.3% in infant group, 0.0% in 1~4 year-old group, 0.0% in 5~9 year-old group, 2.9% in 10~14 year-old group and 15.0% in 15~19 year-old group. 2) In the study of 584 elementary school children, only one subject showed seropositive in 1993, and in 1996 three different subjects showed seropositive results(0.5%); the natural seroconversion rate during 3 years was 0.5%. 3) The seroprevalence rates of below 20 year-old subjects reported in previous studies were 63.8% in 1979 and 47.3% in 1989 while the present study showed the rate at 5.4%. Conclusion: Since natural antibody formation is rarely occurring, there is a high risk for apparent hepatitis A infection in adults. Therefore vaccination in high risk groups is essential at present, and in order to reduce the chance for hepatitis A infection in adults, vaccination in children may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to determine the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intakes per capita/day of Korean as of 2001 by age groups and sex, and to analyze the major food sources of DF using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the 2001 Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey and the newly-established DF database. The mean daily intakes of DF of Korean increased with increasing age until 49 years and thereafter decreased with aging. The intakes of DF/1,000 kcal increased with increasing age until 64 years and thereafter decreased with aging. On the average, the Korean people under age of 49 did not meet adequate intake (AI) of DF (12 g/1,000 kcal) in Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the Koreans. The male people less satisfied the AI than the female did. The major food groups contributed to DF intakes of Korean adults were high in the order of vegetables, cereals, fruits, seasonings, legumes and seaweeds. Regardless of age and sex, vegetables, cereals and fruits were three major sources of DF for Koreans who obtained approximately 75% of DF from those sources. It has been shown that rice was the first single food source of DF intake for the age groups less than 12 years, however Kimchi was the first major source for all the age groups over 12 years. The infant and elderly groups obtained more DF from 10 major single food sources than the other age groups did. The results of the study revealed that the present levels of DF intakes of Korean in all age groups except the elderly group are insufficient to meet the AI for DF. Therefore the beneficial effects of DF on health and the increased consumption of DF from the variety of food sources should be emphasized through the continuous nutritional education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.537-553
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of complementary baby food products sold in Korea according to the baby food stages and food composition. Methods: A total of 1,587 complementary food products sold online and offline between March and December 2021 were investigated. They ranged from liquid meals to solid rice for babies aged 5 to 36 months. Results: The number of intakes per packaged volume was 2.8 in Stage 1, 1.9 in Stage 2, 1.4 in Stage 3, and 1.1 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001). The dietary variety scores (DVS) of the complementary baby food products were 3.4 in Stage 1, 5.5 in Stage 2, 7.1 in Stage 3, and 9.7 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001) and showed a significant increase in the later stages. The Korean dietary diversity score (KDDS) significantly increased from 2.3 in Stage 1, to 2.8 in Stage 2, 3.0 in Stage 3, and 3.4 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001). The higher the baby food stage, the higher the proportion of grains/meat/vegetable ingredients. The ratio of protein intake to Adequate Intake (AI) or Recommended Nutrition Intake (RNI) was higher in products with a KDDS of 3 points or more, or in products with 2 points or fewer in Stages 1 and 2 (p < 0.0001, respectively). The ratio of protein intake to RNI increased as the KDDS score increased in Stages 3 and 4 (p < 0.0001, respectively). For all stages of baby foods, the ratio of protein intake to AI or RNI was high in products that included the meat group (beans, nuts, meat, eggs, fish, and shellfish) (p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: Continuous research and nutritional evaluation are required for establishing nutrient content standards for commercially available baby foods, considering breast milk intake.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.474-485
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• 2024

The purposes of this study were to isolate the potential Lacticaseibacillus spp. from the feces of infants before weaning, to investigate the safety of antibiotics resistance and beta-haemolysis, and to evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects between the selected strains and Oenanthe javanica (Oj) fermented by them. As a result of analyzing the intestinal microbial community among the stools of four infants, the genus Bifidobacterium was the most dominant, but Lacticaseibacillus (L.) rhamnosus was the most frequently isolated because of the easy culture. Nine test strains, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG (ATCC 53103) as the positive control, were sensitive against 8 kinds of antibiotics without vancomycin in comparison with the cut-off values at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and there was no hemolysis. In the antibacterial activity experiment, the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L22-FR28 (L28, KACC 92513P) strain and Oj+L28 ferment showed significantly (p<0.05) higher activities than LGG against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, these decreased the activity of the NF-kB/AP-1 transcription factor and inhibited the nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) produced in macrophage RAW cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consequently, the L. rhamnosus L28 strain and Oenanthe javanica+L. rhamnosus L28 (Oj+L28) ferment selected with the high anti-inflammatory effect will improve health functionality after more research, such as the verification of animal level and identification of mechanism on an anti-inflammatory.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 1976

Chemical determination were made to analyze the concentration of nutrients including proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids in three kinds of locally produced infantile formula milk(DFM) and one fermented milk(FM). An attempt was also made to compare the analytical values of nutrients against guaranteed values. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The analyzed value of protein and fat content in DFM-A.B.C was slightly lower than that of guaranteed values and a reverse trend was observed in the case of total carbohydrate. There were no differences in proximate composition among the three kinds of DFM. It was found that the FM contained less protein and fat than the fresh milk, but it seemed that a considerable amount of sugar was added to FM. 2. The analyzed values of vitamin $A(2{\sim}3\;times)$ and $E(4{\sim}6\;times)$ contents in DFMS were higher than those of the guaranteed values except niacin. There were a little differences in vitamin contents among DFMS analyzed. 3. In the case of minerals, the analyzed values were similar to the guaranteed values except the calcium concentration that analyzed value was much higher than guaranted value. When the DFMS were diluted to 15% by adding water to compare with the human and fresh cow milk, it was found that the diluted DFMS resembled the human milk rather than cow milk in the content of energy, carbohydrates, protein and ash. The higher contents of iron and most vitamins in the diluted DFMS than the human milk or cow milk would indicate that they were fortificated with these nutrients. When these diluted DFMS were compared with the Korean R.D.A. for infant, it was clear that they could supply sufficient amount of the nutrients required by R.D.A. except the niacin which failed to reach the recommended level. The fact that iron content of DFM-C was not sufficient while vitamin A supply was excessive by 6 fold would indicate that further studies for the improvement may be necessary. 4. There was a little difference among DFMS in amino acid composition. The similarity of the essential amino acids composition between DFMS and cow milk indicated that there was no modification of the essential amino acids. However, present data showed that the amino acid compositon of FM was similar to that of the cow milk. 5. There was no difference among DFMS in the degree of saturation of fatty acids. The similar or higher levels of essential fatty acids contents of DFMS as compared with human milk revealed that essential fatty acids were added to DFMS during the course of process. From the experimental results described above, it may be concluded that the nutritive effects of three kinds of locally produced DFMS were much alike. It was also found that macro and micro nutrient composition except amino acid composition of locally produced dried formula milk was very much similar to that of the human milk. Moreover, fortification of iron and vitamins resulted in improving their nutritive values as the single form of infantile food, but it seemed that more consideration should be given on the fortification of some nutrients.